System and method for locating and determining substance use

ABSTRACT

In devices that determine levels of substance use, a substance level in a test sample provided to the testing device by a test subject is determined. A sequence of images are captured to include a portion of the face of the test subject providing the test sample and a display of the testing device. A value indicative of the substance level detected within the test sample is determined. A validity indicator indicating validity of the value indicative of the substance level is determined. A current location is determined. The value indicative of the substance level, the validity indicator, and the current location are sent to a remote server.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 14/322,805, titled “System and Method for Locating andDetermining Substance Use”, filed Jul. 2, 2014, which claims priority toU.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/842,186, titled “System and Methodfor Locating and Determining Substance Use”, filed Jul. 2, 2013. Each ofthe above applications is incorporated in their entirety herein byreference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention concerns measuring various levels of substanceuse, a location, and vital signs. The drugs may be controlledsubstances, like alcohol or uncontrolled substances like heroin ormarijuana. These measurements are taken and communicated to monitoringauthorities and/or interested parties.

BACKGROUND

Prison systems are overcrowded with abusers of alcohol and variousdrugs. These offenders are in prison to control and monitor their abuseof alcohol and various drugs. Current methods of determining alcohol useinclude breathalyzer units of various types, some that use electronictesting of blood alcohol levels (BAC) and some that use fuel celltechnology to determine blood alcohol levels. Other methods may also beused to determine levels of drug use, for example urine testing.

SUMMARY

Remote monitoring of drug use by these offenders (also known as “users”)of either controlled or uncontrolled substances reduces the cost ofhousing the offenders in the prison system or in a hospital. Byproviding systems and methods that securely monitor offender drug use atdetermined remote locations, the need to keep certain of these offenderswithin the prison systems may be removed, thereby reducing cost. Tomaintain security of the remote monitoring, the testing device is madefoolproof such that collected evidence cannot be faked or altered.

When a patient is in hospital, vital conditions of the patient may bemonitored remotely at nurse's stations using one or more sensingdevices. Similarly, the systems and methods disclosed herein may also beused to monitor health conditions such that a stay in hospital isavoided, such as where monitoring of a condition by a healthprofessional is needed. The sensors and devices employed may interfaceto a Smart Phone or the Internet. The invention further provides anability to monitor offenders or patients vitals or drug levels withtheir location, since it is also important to know the location of theoffender or patient at various intervals or at all times. Certainlocation devices have waterproof ankle bracelets that are not removablewithout a signal being sent to the group monitoring these individuals byvarious methods.

The invention may also just be used to locate an individual for court,commercial, and/or personal use. Prisons also may be depopulated whenthe offender's location is controlled in the community throughmonitoring. Monitoring of vitals in real time regardless of location isuseful to the health care industry and to others.

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a method isprovided for locating and determining substance use by a test subject.The method involves sensing a level of the substance within a testsample provided by the test subject, communicating the level and aunique serial number of the testing device to a communication device,determining a location of the test subject, and the sending the level,the location, and the unique serial number from the communication deviceto a remote server. In this manner, both the substance level andlocation of a patient, offender, or other individual can be verifiablymonitored.

The method may involve monitoring the substance for a controlled oruncontrolled substance. For example, the method may involve providing abreathalyzer to monitor a level of alcohol or marijuana. The location ofthe test subject is preferably determined at a communication device. Inthis regard, the communication device may determine location, forexample, based on GPS information or a network-based technology such ascell, cell sector, time difference of arrival determinations, angle ofarrival determinations, or combinations thereof.

Additional information may be sent from the communication device to theremote server. For example, the communication device may acquire andsend biometric information concerning the test subject, security codeinformation identifying the specific test at issue or a photographincluding a display of the unique serial number, security code, or thelike that can be matched to a digital transmission of the sameinformation. The biometric information may include, for example, animage of at least a portion of the subject's face for facial recognitionanalysis, an image of the patient's iris, fingerprint information, orthe like.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a testingdevice is provided for determining a substance level within a testsubject. The testing device comprises a sensor capable of sensing asubstance level within a test sample provided by the test subject, adisplay capable of displaying visual representation of the substance,and an interface capable of communicating the substance level to acommunication device or a vehicle module. For example, the communicationdevice may communicate the information to a remote server for monitoringpurposes. The vehicle module may be operative to selectively enable ordisable operation of the vehicle depending on the substance level.

In one embodiment, the testing device is designed so that it is compactfor storage in a pocket or similar compartment and allows for acquiringimage information as may be desired. Such image information may bepatient's face, an iris, a display including serial number, securitycode information, or other image that may be used test verification orsome other purpose. In this regard, the testing device may include ahousing that is movable between extended and collapsed configurations.In the extended configuration the coupling mechanism positions a cameraof the communication device for acquiring an image of a face of the testsubject. The camera is preferably positioned at least five inches and,in one implementation, about seven inches from the patient's face. Forexample, the housing may be hinged such that it flips open or closed todefine the extended and retracted configurations.

In accordance with a still further aspect of the present invention, atesting device is provided including a display. More specifically, thetesting device includes a sensor capable of sensing a substance levelwithin a test sample provided by a test subject; a display capable ofdisplaying a visual representation of test information including atleast one of the substance level, a testing device identification, atest identification, and biometric information for the test subject; andan interface capable of communicating the test information to acommunication device or a vehicle module. In one implementation, thevisual representation of the test information is compared to a digitalversion of the same information for test verification. In otherimplementations, the test information is compared to stored informationfor verification or other purposes.

In accordance with a still further aspect of the present invention, amethod is provided for operating a communication device in connectionwith monitoring substance use. The method includes: obtaining, at thecommunication device, a level of the substance within a test sampleprovided by a subject; operating the communication device to obtain testverification information correlated to the test sample; and sending thelevel and the test verification information from the communicationdevice to a remote server. For example, the test verificationinformation may include one or more of an identification of the testingdevice, an identification of a test by which the test sample isprovided, and biometric information obtained using the communicationdevice. Additionally or alternatively, the test verification informationmay include a picture of a display of the testing device.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, acollapsible testing device is provided for determining a substance in atest subject. The testing device includes a sensor capable of sensing asubstance level within a test sample provided by the test subject; aninterface capable of communicating the substance level to one of acommunication device and a vehicle module; and a coupling mechanism forphysically coupling the communication device to the testing device. Thetesting device includes a housing that is movable between extended andcollapsed configurations wherein, in the extended configuration, thecoupling mechanism positions a camera of the communication device foracquiring an image of one or more of a face of the test subject and adisplay of the testing device. In this manner, the testing device can bemoved to the collapsed configuration for compact storage and extendedthe extended configuration for acquiring images that may be used, forexample, for test verification.

In one embodiment, a software product has instructions, stored onnon-transitory computer-readable media, that when executed by a digitalprocessor of a communication device, perform steps for controlling atesting device to determine a substance level in a test sample providedto the testing device by a test subject. The communication devicegenerates a prompt for the test subject to provide the test sample tothe testing device. The communication device captures, using a camera ofthe communication device, a sequence of images that include the testsubject providing the test sample to the testing device. The camera ispositioned by a physical positioning mechanism of the testing device toinclude a portion of the face of the test subject providing the testsample and a display of the testing device. The communication devicereceives, from the test device, a value indicative of the substancelevel detected within the test sample. A validity indicator indicativeof validity of the value indicative of the substance level isdetermined. The communication device determines a current location andsends the value indicative of the substance level, the validityindicator, and the current location to a remote server.

In another embodiment, a method detects fraudulent use of a testingdevice that measures a substance level within a test sample provided bya test subject. A camera physically positioned to have a field of viewof at least part of a face of the test subject providing the test samplecaptures an image sequence of the test subject providing the testsample. From detected differences between images of the image sequence,a liveness probability for the portion of the face in the image sequenceis determined and sent together with the level of the substance withinthe test sample to a remote server.

In another embodiment, a mouthpiece couples with a testing device of thetype that measures a substance level contained in a breath sampleprovided by a test subject through the mouthpiece, The mouthpieceincludes a flange having a substantially oval outer shape and forming asubstantially round inner passage through the flange having a firstinner surface and a first plurality of first protrusions formed on thefirst inner surface such that the first inner surface is irregularlyshaped and not smooth. The plurality of first protrusions preventing atube from sealing with the first inner surfaces such that pressure of asample provided through the tube does not reach sufficient pressure totrigger the testing device.

In another embodiment, a testing device detects a substance level withina test sample provided by a test subject. The testing device includes atleast one sensor for detecting the substance level within the testsample, a camera positioned to have a field of view that includes thetest subject providing the test sample to the testing device, a locationdevice for determining a current location of the testing device, aprocessor communicatively coupled with the at least one sensor and thecamera, and a memory communicatively coupled with the processor. Thememory stores machine readable instructions that when executed by theprocessor perform the steps of: capturing, using the camera, a sequenceof images that include the test subject providing the test sample to thetesting device; determining, based upon the at least one sensor, a valueindicative of the substance level detected within the test sample;determining, using the location device, a current location of thetesting device; determining, based upon the sequence of images, avalidity indicator indicative of validity of one or both of an identityof the test subject and a liveness of the test subject; and sending, toa remote server, the value indicative of the substance level, thecurrent location, and the validity indicator.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows one exemplary system for locating and determining substanceuse, in an embodiment.

FIG. 2 shows exemplary screen shots from the system of FIG. 1 duringuse.

FIG. 3 shows an exemplary image, captured by the communication device ofFIG. 1 during the BAC measurement, and illustrating a test subject, thetube, and the display showing a security code, the measured BAC value,and the serial number of the testing device.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating one exemplary method for locating anddetermining substance use, in an embodiment.

FIG. 5 shows one exemplary BAC web application report generated by theweb application of the server of FIG. 1.

FIG. 6 shows one exemplary physical embodiment of the testing device ofFIG. 1 illustrating a casing with the tube and the physical positioningmechanism.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating one exemplary method forautomatically receiving and automatically processing informationcontained within the message of FIG. 1, in an embodiment.

FIG. 8 shows one exemplary system for automatically monitoring movementof an individual, in an embodiment.

FIG. 9 shows one exemplary perspective view of the ankle bracelet ofFIG. 8, in an embodiment.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating one exemplary method for monitoringmovement of an individual, in an embodiment.

FIG. 11 shows an exemplary location activity report generated by the webapplication of FIG. 8 running on the server.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustrating one exemplary method for monitoringthe location of an individual, in an embodiment.

FIG. 13 shows one exemplary map generated by the system of FIG. 8illustrating an inclusion zone indicated in blue outline, and aplurality of breadcrumb trails that represent the subject's recordedmovement.

FIG. 14 shows an exemplary map generated by the system of FIG. 8illustrating a plurality of recorded locations representing movement ofthe subject.

FIG. 15 shows the map of FIG. 14 with an exemplary exclusion zone.

FIG. 16 shows one exemplary system for controlling operation of avehicle based upon a measured condition of a test subject (e.g., adriver or operator of the vehicle), in an embodiment.

FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating one exemplary method for controllingoperation of a vehicle based upon a measured condition of an operator ofthe vehicle, in an embodiment.

FIG. 18 is a flowchart illustrating one exemplary method forautomatically processing information contained within the message ofFIG. 1, in an embodiment.

FIG. 19 shows one exemplary system for locating and determiningsubstance abuse, in an embodiment.

FIG. 20 is a flowchart illustrating one exemplary method for determiningthe liveness percentage of FIG. 19, which is indicative of liveness ofthe test subject captured within the image sequence of FIG. 19, in anembodiment.

FIG. 21 shows one exemplary intelligent testing device that includesintelligence and communication functionality for locating anddetermining substance use, in an embodiment.

FIG. 22 shows one exemplary server, similar to the server of FIG. 1,showing a web application with compliance management, report generation,and notification management, in an embodiment.

FIG. 23 is a flowchart illustrating one exemplary method for locatingand determining substance use, in an embodiment.

FIG. 24 shows one exemplary mouthpiece configured to hinder or prevent atest subject using a tube to cheat when providing a test sample to atesting device, in an embodiment.

FIG. 25 shows the mouthpiece of FIG. 24 preventing a tube from providinga sample to a testing device.

FIGS. 26 and 27 are schematics illustrating the mouthpiece of FIG. 24preventing the use of a sealing product with the tube to provide a testsample to the testing device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

An example of a blood alcohol monitoring and tracking system and methodis shown in FIGS. 1 through 7 as an embodiment of the invention. Othersubstances may be monitored without departing from the scope hereof.

FIG. 1 specifically shows one exemplary system 100 for locating anddetermining use of controlled and uncontrolled substances by a testsubject. System 100 includes a testing device 102 that automaticallysenses a condition of the test subject. Testing device 102 includes oneor more sensors 104, a processor 106, a memory 108, a display 110, asecure interface 112, and a battery 124. Optionally, testing device 102includes a security unit 114 for monitoring integrity of testing device102 and indicating whether testing device 102 has been compromised(e.g., opened and/or tampered with). Battery 124 is selected to be of acommon type with a long life and that is easily replaceable. The batterymay be rechargeable and the system 100 may include an appropriaterecharging port. Calibration of testing device 102 is quick and simple.

In one embodiment, sensor 104 detects Breath Alcohol Concentration (BAC)and is for example implemented using fuel cell technology. Testingdevice 102 thus operates as a Breathalyzer and includes a tube 105 thatis coupled with sensor 104 and a distal portion 122 coupled with tube105 and into which the test subject blows. Base portion of tube 105 ispermanently coupled with testing device 102 to prevent tampering and adistal portion 122 is replaceable.

Tube 105 may be configured with sensor protection device 199, such as across-hair or mesh, to prevent the test subject from tampering withsensor(s) 104. For example, the cross-hair and/or mesh prevents the testsubject from inserting a foreign object into tube 105 in an attempt todamage sensor(s) 104.

Testing device 102 includes software 116, stored within memory 108,having machine readable instructions that when executed by processor 106control sensor 104 to measure BAC value 118. BAC value 118 is stored inmemory 108 and optionally displayed on display 110, as illustrativelyshown in dashed outline. Software 116 may also include instructions foroperating testing device 102 that are displayed on display 110. Securityunit 114 may include a serial number 120 (shown stored within memory108) and an integrity indication (e.g., from security unit 114) that arealso displayed on display 110 to indicate authenticity of the measuredBAC value 118.

Testing device 102 also includes an interface 112 that couples with amobile communication device 130. Communication device 130 represents anydevice that incorporates wireless (e.g., cellular, Wi-Fi) communication,and one or more of processing capability, interface capability, locationcapability, liveness detection capability, user authenticationcapability, user identity confirmation capability, and that may includeany or all of a processor, interface, memory, a location device (e.g.,GPS), a camera, and display capability. Although embodiments describedbelow advantageously use camera and location features available in manycommunication devices, as well as user interface screens displayed onthe device, it will be appreciated that there may be scenarios where thecommunication device primarily functions to forward information from thetesting device (with or without location or other communication devicegenerated information) with minimal or no visual or other userinterface. For example, tests by the testing device may be timed orinitiated automatically in response to trigger signals from a serverwithout requiring user interaction with a user interface. This may bedesirable, for example, to reduce power consumption and extend batterylife of the communication device. Communication device 130 is shown witha processor 132, a memory 134, an interface 136, a camera 138, a networkinterface 140 (e.g., wired and/or wireless interface), and a display142. Display 142 is for example a touch screen that allows a user ofcommunication device 130 to make selections, receive instructions, andconfirm notifications. Network interface 140 represents a wirelesstransceiver for communicating with a cellular communication network orWi-Fi network for example. Interface 112 of testing device 102 andinterface 136 of communication device 130 communicate with one anotherand may represent either a wired electrical interface (e.g., using aphysical plug and socket) or a wireless interface (e.g., wirelesstransceivers that implement Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, NFC or other similarwireless protocols). Interface 112 may also implement a wired connectionsuch as USB or other such connections without departing from the scopehereof.

In one embodiment, interface 136 is configured to ensure that only onetesting device 102 communicates with communication device 130 at anytime, and thereby only one testing device 102 may submit a test resultto communication device 130. This configuration thereby prevents othertesting devices from being used to submit bogus test values tocommunication device 130. Testing device 102 may include a flow meter orother device known in the art of Breathalyzers for determining that afull breath has been applied through tube 105.

Testing device 102 also includes a physical positioning mechanism 170(that may include interface 112 when interface 112 is implemented as aphysical connector) for physically coupling with communication device130. Communication device 130 is for example one of an iPhone, anAndroid smart phone, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, other typesof mobile computer, an iPod, and an iPad, etc., that is capable ofdetermining its location (e.g., using a GPS receiver or other locationdetermining device) and wherein camera 138 is front facing.Communication device 130 may belong to the test subject, or may beloaned to the test subject by a third party.

When physically coupled together, testing device 102 and communicationdevice 130 are oriented such that camera 138 has a field of view tocapture a face image 146 of the test subject providing a sample intotube 105 of testing device 102. Camera 138 may be controlled (e.g.,using one or more of flash, auto focus, face detection, blink detection,liveness detection, and so on) by software 144 to improvequality/accuracy of identity determination of the test subject withcaptured image 146.

In one embodiment, the image is a plurality of images capturedperiodically during the provision of the sample. In particular, testingdevice 102 is configured such that, when physically coupled withcommunication device 130, tube 105, distal portion 122 and display 110are visible within image 146 captured by camera 138. Further, testingdevice 102 is configured such that camera 138 also captures image 146 toinclude a front view of the face of the test subject providing a breathsample into tube 105.

Upon completion of a measurement, BAC value 118 and at least serialnumber 120 are communicated as digital values from testing device 102 tocommunication device 130 via interface 112 and interface 136.

Testing device 102 is controlled from communication device 130 viainterface 112 and interface 136. Software 144, stored within memory 134of communication device 130, includes machine readable instructions thatwhen executed by processor 132 interact with testing device 102 tocontrol sensing of BAC value 118 within a breath sample and transfer ofBAC value 118 to memory 134. Communication device 130 and testing device102 are thus synchronized in operation. For example, where communicationdevice 130 is a smartphone, software 144 may represent an app loadedonto and executed by the smartphone.

In one embodiment, communication device 130 includes a biometric reader150 that is utilized by software 144 to obtain a biometric image (e.g.,a finger print, a retinal scan, facial recognition, and so on) of thetest subject, wherein the biometric image may be used to provideadditional verification of the identity of the test subject. In anotherembodiment, testing device 102 includes a biometric reader 152 that isutilized by software 116 to capture a biometric image of the testsubject, wherein the biometric image is used to provide additionalverification of the identity of the test subject.

In one example of operation, a test subject is required to providebetween four and six BAC values throughout each day. Software 144 isthereby configured to instruct the test subject to provide a sample atthe appropriate times. For example, as shown in steps 1 through 5 ofFIG. 2, software 144 provides instructions to the test subject toperform the test and then generates a message 160 containing at leastBAC value 118 and image 146. Optionally message 160 also includes one ormore of location information, determined from a location device 148 ofcommunication device 130 for example, that defines a location of wherethe measurement was performed, and serial number 120 of testing device102.

In particular, FIG. 2 shows: a screenshot 202 of display 142 ofcommunication device 130 shows step 1 which indicates that the user isscheduled for a BAC test at a specific time and date with instructionsto attach the BAC testing device 102 to communication device 130. Ascreenshot 204 of display 142 of communication device 130 shows step 2that indicates that testing device 102 is communicating withcommunication device 130 (using either Bluetooth or some other means viainterfaces 112 and 136) and that testing device 102 is ready to measureBAC, and displays instructions for the test subject to blow into tube105. A screenshot 206 of display 142 of communication device 130 showsstep 3 displaying image 146 taken of the test subject blowing intotesting device 102 and including a view of display 110 showing serialnumber 120 of testing device 102 and optionally BAC value 118. BAC value118, serial number 120, and image 146 captured digitally aredisseminated to a server 180 via communication device 130 under controlof software 144. For example, software 144, executed by processor 132generates and sends message 160, including a GPS location, to server180. One or more of a web application 184 running on server 180,software 144, and software 116, includes facial recognitionfunctionality for automatically recognizing the face of the test subjectwithin image 146 based upon stored images of the test subject within adatabase 182 of server 180, wherein an alert may be automaticallygenerated and sent to an administrator and/or operator of system 100 ifthe face of the test subject is not recognized. Thus, the alert mayindicate possible fraudulent use of testing device 102. Server 180 is acomputer, or network of computers, that includes at least one processorand memory for storing database 182 and web application 184. Webapplication 184 includes machine readable instructions that are executedby at least one processor to implement functionality of server 180 asdescribed herein.

Where system 100 includes one or both of biometric readers 150 and 152,the captured biometric image may also be included within message 160,wherein web application 184 of server 180 may implement additionalvalidation of the test subject based upon the biometric image and amaster biometric image stored within database 182 in association withthe test subject, for example. Where the biometric image does not matchthe master biometric image, web application 184 may generate an alert toan administrator and/or operator of system 100 and/or third party. Thus,the alert may indicate the possibility of fraudulent use of testingdevice 102.

A screenshot 208 of display 142 of communication device 130 shows step 4that indicates that the information has been sent successfully to server180 and that the test is complete. Testing device 102 may then bedetached from communication device 130. A screenshot 210 of display 142of communication device 130 shows step 5 that indicates that testingdevice 102 has been detached from communication device 130.

Optionally, one or both of testing device 102 and communication device130 includes a speaker 111, 143 that under control of software 116, 144,respectively, may generate audio to alert the test subject. For example,web application 184 may send a message to communication device 130 thatcauses speaker 143 to generate a sound, for example to remind the testsubject that a next test is overdue. In another example of operation,upon receiving a message from web application 184, communication device130 sends a message to testing device 102 causing speaker 111 togenerate a sound. Thus, system 100 allows a monitoring authority, viaone or both of web application 184 and/or communication device 130, toaudibly notify the test subject of an overdue test or to request arandom sampling for example. One or both of testing device 102 andcommunication device 130 may include actuators and visual indicatorsthat generate distinctive vibration patterns and/or colored/blinkinglight patterns for attracting the attention of the test subject.

Communication device 130, under control of software 144, sends message160 to a server 180 where BAC value 118 and image 146 are processed by aweb application 184. Web application 184 is for example a software basedcontrol process running within server 180 that automatically processesmessage 160 against stored requirements of the test subject. In oneexample of operation, web application 184 may generate a notification(e.g., to an external organization) when message 160 was not receivedwithin an expected time window. In another example, when message 160 isreceived, web application 184 automatically checks that BAC value 118 isbelow a required threshold for the test subject and then validates themeasurement using image 146. Web application 184 may also check otherparameters, such as location, within message 160 against permittedvalues to determine when the test subject is in violation of anagreement and/or requirement.

In one embodiment, for each operation, testing device 102 receives asecurity code (S/C) 121 that is a randomly generated number fromcommunication device 130 or server 180 and stores S/C 121 within memory108. S/C 121 is displayed on display 110 such that it is captured withinimage 146 by camera 138 of communication device 130, and optionallyadded to message 160. Use of S/C 121 prevents fraudulent use of testingdevice 102 since S/C 121 cannot be predicted and is generated for eachuse of testing device 102.

In another embodiment, security unit 114 (or software 116) includes apseudo random number generator that generates S/C 121 that appears to berandom to the test subject. In this embodiment, security unit 114generates a next number in the sequence for each use of testing device102, where the same sequence of numbers generated by security unit 114is also generated within server 180 and thereby allows server 180 tovalidate each use of testing device 102 to detect misuse thereof. Forexample, upon receiving message 160, web application 184 automaticallydetects and recognizes S/C 121 within image 146 and compares therecognized value against the generated (or predicted) S/C 121 andgenerates a notification when there is a mismatch. Thus, potentialmisuse (e.g., where the test subject attempts to reuse a previouslydetermined BAC value and image or attempts to use a testing deviceassigned to another test subject) of testing device 102 is quicklyidentified.

FIG. 18 is a flowchart illustrating one exemplary method forautomatically processing information contained within the message ofFIG. 1. Method 1800 is for example implemented within web application184 of server 180 and invoked when testing of a subject is due.

Step 1802 is a decision. If, in step 1802, method 1800 determines that amessage has been received, method 1800 continues with step 1804;otherwise method 1800 continues with step 1824. In one example of step1802, method 1800 continues with step 1804 when message 160 is receivedwithin server 180 from communication device 130.

In step 1804, method 1800 identifies a face within an image of themessage. In one example of step 1804, web application 184 identifies aface within image 146 received in message 160. Step 1806 is a decision.If, in step 1806, the identified face matches a stored face of the testsubject, method 1800 continues with step 1808; otherwise method 1800continues with step 1820.

In step 1808, method 1800 identifies a serial number within the image.In one example of step 1808, web application 184 identifies a serialnumber within image 146. Step 1810 is a decision. If, in step 1810, theidentified serial number matches the serial number (e.g., S/N 120)stored within database 182 in association with the test subject, method1800 continues with step 1812; otherwise method 1800 continues with step1820.

In step 1812, method 1800 identifies a security code within the image.In one example of step 1812, web application 184 identifies a securitycode within image 146. Step 1814 is a decision. If, in step 1814, theidentified security code matches the security code (e.g., S/C 121)associated with the test subject, method 1800 continues with step 1816;otherwise method 1800 continues with step 1820.

In step 1816, method 1800 identifies a BAC value within the image. Inone example of step 1816, web application 184 identifies a BAC valuewithin image 146. Step 1818 is a decision. If, in step 1818, theidentified BAC value matches the BAC value (e.g., BAC value 118)received in the message (e.g., message 160), method 1800 continues withstep 1822; otherwise method 1800 continues with step 1820.

In step 1820, method 1800 generates a notification indicating a reviewof the message is required. In one example of step 1820, web application184 generates a notification to an administrator and/or officialassociated with the test subject indicating that further review ofmessage 160 is required. Method 1800 then terminates.

Step 1822 is a decision. If, in step 1822, method 1800 determines thatthe BAC value is below a defined threshold, method 1800 terminates;otherwise method 1800 continues with step 1824. In one example of step1822, web application compares BAC value 118 against a defined thresholdwithin database 182 and continues with step 1824 if BAC value 118 isabove the defined threshold.

In step 1824, method 1800 generates an alert indicating a violation. Inone example of step 1824, web application 184 generates a messageindication violation of substance abuse control and sends the message toan administrator and/or official associated with the test subject. Webapplication 184 may also require another sample to be taken and/orinitiate other actions. For example, web application 184 may send amessage indicating the violation to a third party (e.g., a supervisor ofthe test subject). Method 1800 then terminates.

In one example of use, a court requires that an offender provide a BAClevel at predefined intervals throughout the day. Software 144 isconfigured to remind the offender to provide a BAC level when directed.Upon receiving each sample, web application 184 evaluates the measuredBAC value 118 and then processes image 146 to ensure that the samplefrom which the BAC was measured was provided by the offender.

By providing an automated tamper proof and secure means of BACmeasurement, authorities are only alerted when a violation of the BAC ismeasured or when incorrect or no evidence is presented forauthentication. For example, if a test subject fails to send a message160 to web application 184, an alarm may be raised with authorities. Inanother example, BAC value 118 has a value of 0.02 when required to beless than 0.01, wherein web application 184 generates and sends an alertto the authorities.

FIG. 3 shows image 146, captured by communication device 130 duringmeasurement of BAC value 118, and illustrating test subject 302, tube105, and display 110. In particular, within image 146, display 110 isdisplaying S/C 121, serial number 120 and optionally BAC value 118. Incertain embodiments, BAC value 118 may be omitted from display 110 whereit is not desirable for the test subject to learn of measured BACvalues. Physical coupling between testing device 102 and communicationdevice 130 positions camera 138 to consistently capture the face of testsubject 302, tube 105, BAC value 118 and serial number 120 within image146 during operation of testing device 102. The physical coupling ispreferably configured such that the camera captures enough of the user'sface for verification of identity, e.g., by facial recognition software.In this regard, the illustrated system generally captures the user'sface above the upper lip of the user. Further, communication betweensoftware 144 of communication device 130 and software 116 of testingdevice 102 coordinates capture of image 146 with measurement of BACvalue 118, thereby ensuring that image 146 provides strong evidence ofauthenticity of BAC value 118 (i.e., that BAC value 118 corresponds tothe test subject captured within image 146).

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating one exemplary method 400 for locatingand determining use of controlled and uncontrolled substances. Method400 is implemented within software 144 of communication device 130 andsoftware 116 of testing device 102 for example. In step 401, a number ofinitial system checks may be performed and confirmation of pendingnotifications may be retrieved. The system first checks to see ifBluetooth and Location services are enabled. If not, the user isprompted to enable them and the system exits if they are not immediatelyenabled. The system also checks to see if it can take control of thefront facing camera. If it fails after several tries the user isinformed of the problem and the system exits. In addition, the systemmay check for a user profile and network connection. If no profileexists and the network is not available, the user is notified and thesystem exits. The system may also check for a stored Bluetooth deviceprofile. If it does not exist, the system asks the user to select apaired device or pair a new device. If it does exist, a test screen isdisplayed. At any point until the data packet has been received from thetest device, the user may press a button to select/pair a differentBluetooth device. Where the test subject has not responded to one ormore previously issued notifications, software 116 may redisplay thosenotifications and request confirmation from the test subject that theyhave been read before proceeding further with method 400.

In step 402, method 400 displays a startup screen. In one example ofstep 402, software 144 displays screenshot 202 on display 142. If all ofthe initial system checks discussed above are satisfied, the system mayproceed to step 404. Step 404 is a decision. If, in step 404, method 400determines that it is not time to test, method 400 terminates;otherwise, method 400 continues with step 406. The time to test maycorrespond to a scheduled or an unscheduled test. In one example of step404, where software 144 has been initiated before a defined testing timewindow, method 400 terminates.

In step 406, method 400 establishes communication between thecommunication device and the testing device. In one example of step 406,software 144 displays screenshot 204 on display 142 when communicationhas been established between communication device 130 and testing device102 via interfaces 112 and 136. In step 408, method 400 determines a BACvalue as the test subject blows into the testing device. In one exampleof step 408, testing device 102 senses, using sensor 104, breath as testsubject blows into tube 105, determines BAC value 118, and then sendsBAC value 118 and serial number 120 in a data packet to communicationdevice 130 via interface 112 and interface 136. The data packet mayinclude the BAC value 118, a BAC ID (e.g., security code and serialnumber), visual confirmation code, battery level, and timing/calibrationinformation.

In step 410, method 400 receives and assembles a data packet ofAuthenticated User Data, GPS Location, Smart Phone Battery Level, SmartPhone ID, Timestamp Data, and Suspicious Activity Flag, stores the datapacket in the memory of the communication device, and sends the datapacket to a web application. In one example of step 410, software 144receives at least BAC value 118 and serial number 120 from testingdevice 102, controls camera 138 to capture image 146 and creates message160 containing at least BAC value 118, serial number 120, image 146.Optionally, software 144 also controls location device 148 to determinea current location, and includes the determined current location withinmessage 160. Optionally, software 144 may also include a MAC address ofcommunication device 130, a current time and date, identification of thetest subject and a password (previously configured within software 144and/or memory 134). The system may generate and display (e.g., by LED orLCD) a randomized security code for each test. In this manner, a user issubstantially prevented from submitting a false sample from anotherperson or source as the presence of the user can be verified at the timeof the test. Software 144 then sends message 160 to server 180 forprocessing by web application 184.

At least part of the information within message 160 may also beencrypted without departing from the scope hereof. Further, informationstored within memory 134 may also be encrypted to prevent duplicationand/or modification.

The server may confirm receipt of the data packet and further respondwith information regarding the next test. If the next test informationis new, it is added to the set of scheduled tests. Step 412 is adecision. If, in step 412, method 400 determines that the web serverapplication has not confirmed receipt of the data packet, method 400continues with step 414; otherwise, method 400 continues with step 418.Step 414 is a decision. If, in step 414, method 400 determines that thedata packet has not been transmitted, method continues with step 410;otherwise method continues with step 416. In step 416, method 400resends the data packet to the web server. In one example of step 416,software 144 resends message 160 to server 180 in this regard.

In step 418, method 400 displays a message indicating that the test iscomplete. In one example of step 418, software 144 displays screenshot208 to indicate that the test is complete and that the test subject maydisconnect testing device 102 from communication device 130. No matterhow the method 400 ends, the system always schedules the next alert(assuming at least one alert remains).

In step 420, method 400 displays a post-test notification on thecommunication device. In one example of step 420, software 144 display atime of a next test and waits for confirmation from the test subject.

FIG. 5 shows one exemplary BAC web application report 500 generated byweb application 184 of server 180 for example. Report 500 is showncontaining: an image, name, address, and description of the testsubject; a calendar; court and/or other relevant personal information;and detail of tests received from system 100, where each detailed itemincludes date and time, location, and BAC level of the test. AlthoughFIG. 5 references SMS messages, such messages can be provided bylocal/push notifications. Notifications of failed or missed tests can beprovided by SMS, email, or local/post notifications.

FIG. 6 shows one exemplary physical embodiment of testing device 102illustrating a casing 602 with tube 105 and physical positioningmechanism 170. As shown, physical positioning mechanism 170 is a cradlethat positions communication device 130 such that camera 138 captures aface image of the test subject when blowing into tube 105. As describedabove, the captured image also includes display 110 indicating serialnumber 120 and S/C 121. Although FIG. 3 shows the display as furtherincluding a BAC value 118, in many cases it will not be desired todisplay the BAC value to the user and this display element may beeliminated.

In one embodiment, testing device 102 is collapsible to facilitatestorage and portability, and to provide protection of certain parts oftesting device 102. As shown in FIG. 6, the testing device 102 includesa central pivot such that the device flips between open and closedconfigurations. In the closed configuration, the device 102 easily fitsinto a user's pocket. In the open configuration, the physicalpositioning mechanism 170 positions the camera far enough away from theuser's face (i.e., at least about 5 inches, for example, preferably,about 7 inches in the illustrated embodiment) to capture an image as theuser supplies a sample at tube 105. A button release allows the device102 to open smoothly without flopping or a jerky motion as may occurunder spring control.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating one exemplary method 700 forautomatically receiving and automatically processing informationcontained within message 160 of FIG. 1. Method 700 may display otherinformation without departing from the scope hereof, such as one or moreof: court date notifications, billing notifications, schedule changenotifications, request (re)upload of test results not received, and soon. Method 700 is implemented within web application 184 of server 180,for example.

It will be appreciated that the method 700 implemented by the webapplication 184 and/or other software/logic may include a number ofmaintenance and housekeeping functions that are not shown in FIG. 7. Forexample, the method 700 may further include change password and createnew profile functionality. The method 700 may also include devicemaintenance, login maintenance and agency maintenance functionality. Theapplication may also manage a To Do list, for example, relating to testdata requiring resolution.

Steps 702 through 706 of method 700 prevent unauthorized access to thefunctionality of steps 708 through 742 by requiring the user to log in.Steps 710 through 718 implement profile maintenance if the user selectsthe option to edit the profile. In step 712, a user may configure aprofile for the test subject. In one example of step 712, a profile isconfigured within server 180 and stored within database 182 in step 716.In step 720, method 700 receives a selected date. Steps 722 and 724allow the user to display received and/or stored data packets. In oneexample of step 724, the user of web application 184 displays message160 as BAC web application report 500 of FIG. 5.

Steps 730 and 732 allow the user to display a schedule of the testsubject. The displayed test schedule may be modified based on any newtest scheduling information. Steps 740 and 742 allow the user to displayuser notes. These user notes may be used to provide the examiner ofcaptured results with more information about circumstances surrounding aparticular drug test or user situation, such as where a drug test hasbeen missed. This is particularly important where system 100 is used forcourt monitored situations. Although not shown, the system may alsodisplay assigned devices and notification contacts.

In another embodiment, testing device 102 and communication device 130communicate with a vehicle ignition system, wherein the vehicle isinoperable until the test subject provides a breath sample withsatisfactory BAC value 118. This also provides rolling testsperiodically during vehicle operation. All tests are communicatedthrough the communication device 130 (e.g., by sending message 160) toserver 180. In certain embodiments, communication device 130 may alsodisplay results of any automated verification processes (e.g., facialrecognition, liveness detection, suspicious activity detection, securitycode validation, and so on).

Web application 184 may for example display a template photo of the testsubject, taken at the time of enrollment of the test subject, and, foreach received test result, display image 146, a scheduled test date andtime, a received test date and time, a BAC, a status, and any notes. Theuser of web application 184 may thereby verify that the test subject hascorrectly taken the BAC test. Web application 184 may also sortinformation for display by one or more of: group, positive tests, andmissed tests.

Ankle Bracelet

FIG. 8 shows one exemplary system 800 for automatically monitoringmovement of an individual. System 800 includes an ankle bracelet 802that communicates with a communication device 830 to report the presenceof the individual attached thereto. Communication device 830 is forexample similar to communication device 130 of FIG. 1 and may representa smart phone or other similar device that includes cellularcommunication, a location device (e.g., GPS) and one or more of aprocessor, an interface, a memory, and display capability (e.g., a userinterface). FIG. 9 shows one exemplary perspective view of anklebracelet 802 of FIG. 8, in an embodiment.

Ankle bracelet 802 includes a tamper evident clip that is destroyed whenremoval is attempted. Bracelet 802 may include an embedded fiber opticcable, thin copper wire, or other tamper prevention device, within itsstrap 804 that connects with a security circuit 814 to detect whenbracelet 802 is removed, wherein security circuit 814 generates andsends a message 826, via interface 812, to communication device 830indicating any attempted removal. Communication device 830 thenimmediately generates and sends (via a network interface 840) a message860 indicating the removal of bracelet 802 to a web application 884running on a server 880. Interface 812 is a wireless transceiver thatimplements a Bluetooth protocol for example. Polling between bracelet802 and communication device 830 may be individually configured (e.g.,between 1 second to 60 minutes), depending on the setting and may bedefined by web application 884 for example. If communication device 830does not receive a signal from bracelet 802 periodically, software 844running within communication device 830 generates and sends message 860to web application 884 to indicate the communication failure betweenbracelet 802 and communication device 830.

Bracelet 802 includes a battery 824 that lasts for up to 12 months forexample. The battery may be rechargeable. Alternatively, a replacementbattery may be used wherein exchange of the battery within bracelet 802must be accomplished within one minute or bracelet 802 sends a message826 to communication device 830 indicating an alarm condition. Eachbracelet 802 includes a unique serial number 820 that is stored withinmemory 834 of communication device 830 when bracelet 802 is paired withcommunication device 830. Bracelet 802 is for example also waterproof orwater resistant.

Optionally, one or both of bracelet 802 and communication device 830includes a speaker 811, 843 that under control of software 816, 844,respectively, may generate audio to alert the individual. For example,web application 884 may send a message to communication device 830 thatcauses speaker 843 to generate a sound, for example to remind theindividual of an approaching boundary. In another example of operation,upon receiving a message from web application 884, communication device830 sends a message to bracelet 802 causing speaker 811 to generate asound. Thus, system 800 allows a monitoring authority, via one or bothof web application 884 and/or communication device 830, to audiblynotify the individual of inclusion and exclusion restrictions imposed bythe monitoring authority for example.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating one exemplary method 1000 formonitoring movement of an individual. Steps 1002-1012 and 1016-1020 ofmethod 1000 are for example implemented within software 844 ofcommunication device 830 and step 1014 is implemented within server 880.

In step 1002, method 1000 displays an ankle bracelet applicationstart-up screen. In one example of step 1002, software 844 displays astart-up screen indicating operation of software 844. Step 1004 is adecision. If, in step 1004, method 1000 determines that it is time totest, method 1000 continues with step 1006; otherwise, method 1000terminates.

In certain embodiments, steps 1002 and 1006 are not included. Forexample, where tests are to occur without interaction with the testsubject (i.e., “silent” testing), steps 1002 and 1006 may be omitted,wherein method 1000 performs automatically and without interaction withthe test subject. Where interaction with the test subject is desired(e.g., to capture additional information of the test subject, such as animage and/or biometric data), steps 1002 and 1006 may be included andinvoked to interact with the test subject. In certain embodiments,method 1000 may interact with the test subject using other devices, suchas a smart watch or other similar device that communicates withcommunication device 830. If included, in step 1006, method 1000displays an indication that the communication device is sending locationinformation. In one example of step 1006, software 844 sends a message860 containing location information, determined from location device848, to server 880 and displays an indication of the location transferon display 842. In an alternate embodiment, bracelet 802 also includes alocation device for determining a current location of the bracelet,wherein the current location is also communicated to communicationdevice 830 periodically.

In step 1008, method 1000 confirms attachment of bracelet 802 to theindividual wirelessly with the communication device. In one example ofstep 1008, bracelet 802 sends message 826 to mobile device 830, viainterfaces 812 and 836, to indicate presence and integrity (and therebyattachment of bracelet 802 to the individual) of bracelet 802.Communication device 830, upon receiving message 826, thereby confirmsattachment and presence of bracelet 802 to the individual.

In step 1010, method 1000 assembles a data packet containing a serialnumber of the bracelet, a user Id, a password, a location, acommunication device type, a date and time stamp, and a MAC address ofthe communication device. The communication device then stores the datapacket and sends a message containing the data packet to a server. Inone example of step 1010, software 844 generates message 860 to includeserial number 820 of bracelet 802, location information from locationdevice 848, a date and time stamp from a real time clock ofcommunication device 830, and a MAC address of communication device 830.The timestamp within message 860 is compared to the server time and analarm may be raised when the timestamp is not within certain limits ofthe server time. In one embodiment, communication device 830automatically sets its date a time, wherein web application 884 isnotified by software 844 when this feature is turned off or overridden,as this may indicate that the individual is tampering with thecommunication device to defeat the system integrity.

Step 1012 is a decision. If, in step 1012, method 1000 determines thatthe server confirms receipt of the data, method 1000 continues with step1014; otherwise, method 1000 continues with step 1018.

Step 1014 is a decision. If, in step 1014, method 1000 determines thatthe location is within an inclusion zone or without an exclusion zone,method 1000 continues with step 1016; otherwise method continues withstep 1018. There could be an inclusion and/or an exclusion zone for anyuser. The same location information could trigger an inclusion and/or anexclusion zone. The web server software can notify the monitor of theuser of a potential violation. The bracelet system may executegeo-fencing functionality.

Step 1018 is a decision. If, in step 1018, method 1000 determines thatdata has already been transmitted, method 1000 continues with step 1020;otherwise method 1000 continues with step 1010. In step 1020, method1000 resends the data to the web server. In one example of step 1020,software 844 resends message 860 to server 880. Method 1000 thencontinues with step 1012.

FIG. 11 shows an exemplary location activity report 1100 generated byweb application 884 running on server 880. Report 1100 includes useridentification information 1102 and a list 1104 of reported activity,each activity defining date, time, location, detailed description ofactivity, court or info, calendar and violations.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustrating one exemplary method 1200 formonitoring the location of an individual, in an embodiment. Method 1200is for example implemented within web application 884 running on server880.

Steps 1202 through 1208 control access to functionality of webapplication 884, wherein a user (e.g., an administrator and/or official)of web application 884 is required to login with a username and apassword. Other access control mechanisms (e.g., biometrics) may be usedwithout departing from the scope hereof.

Step 1210 is a decision. If, in step 1210, method 1200 determines thatthe user has selected profile maintenance, method 1200 continues withsteps 1212 through 1218 that allow the user to create or modify aprofile stored within database 882 of server 880.

In step 1220, where profile maintenance is not selected by the user,method 1200 receives a from date. In one example of step 1220, the userselects a past date from which reports will be generated.

Steps 1222 through 1228 allow the user to display captured activityinformation of the subject. See for example report 1100 of FIG. 11 thatshows an activity list for a subject.

Steps 1230 and 1232 allow the user to display the defined schedule forthe subject. For example, the displayed schedule may include a reportinginterval between location reports for the subject.

Steps 1240 and 1242 allow the user to display any recorded notes on thesubject.

Steps 1250 through 1256 allow the user to maintain any defined inclusionand exclusion zones for the subject. For example, the user may define anexclusion zone that causes the communication device to generate an alertdisplay and message when the subject enters a forbidden area. Althoughthe process described above in some cases may involve interaction of theindividual being monitored with a user interface of the communicationdevice, it will be appreciated that monitoring events may be executedwithout generating user interfaces as the communication device, or withminimal user interfaces, as may be desired. For example, timed ornotification based alerts can be broadcast (or otherwise delivered) andconsidered by the web server, communication device and the braceletautomatically. Unless a photo or user provided input is required it canall take place without the need to turn on the communication devicedisplay. This approach would also have the beneficial side-effect ofconsuming far less battery power.

FIG. 13 shows one exemplary map 1300 within an inclusion zone 1302indicated in blue outline, and a plurality of breadcrumb trails 1304that represent the subject's recorded movement.

FIG. 14 shows an exemplary map 1400 indicating a plurality of recordedlocations 1402 representing movement of the subject.

FIG. 15 shows map 1400 of FIG. 14 with a defined exclusion zone 1502.

Web application 884 includes functionality for displaying and printingcollected information based upon subject identification, date, time,location and indicated status of the subject. For example, webapplication 884 may allow the user to display a list of subjects thatare currently in violation of defined inclusion and exclusion zones. Webapplication 884 may also allow the user to send one or more of textmessages, audible messages, and indication tones to a tracked subject toprompt the subject to take a particular action (e.g., one or more oftake a breath test, return to a defined inclusion zone, and exit from adefined exclusion zone).

Web application 884 may include a GPS tab that displays a map (e.g., aGoogle map) showing inclusion and exclusion zones for a subject andindicate any violations of the zones graphically. This map may also beinteractive, wherein the user may position a mouse over (or click on) abreadcrumb trail or indicated location to display details such as whenthe location was recorded and whether any violation was reported. TheGPS functionality may be used to track a subject and to determinewhether the subject is within a certain radius of one or more definedlocations (e.g., as defined by a court ruling). For example, withincommunication device 830, the GPS location may be used to determine ifthe subject is without an inclusion zone and/or within an exclusion zoneand thereby determine that the subject is in violation. Where thesubject is in violation of one or more zones, communication device 830immediately transmits information of the violation to web application884. The radius of these zones may be individually set for each subject.By communicating frequently with, and identifying within eachcommunication, ankle bracelet 802, communication device 830 verifiesthat ankle bracelet 802 and communication device 830 are in closeproximity (e.g., within communication range of interfaces 812 and 836).Since ankle bracelet 802 cannot be removed from the subject withoutdetection of the removal by communication device 830, the communicationdevice is able to verify that the subject is also in proximity andthereby determine the location of the subject. Communication device 830may be configured remotely by web application 884. For example,communication device 830 may receive definitions of one or moreinclusion zones and exclusion zones from web application 884. In anotherexample, web application 884 may send a reporting interval tocommunication device 830, wherein the reposting interval may bedynamically adjusted based upon the determined location of theindividual. In one embodiment, communication device 830 automaticallyadjusts the reporting interval based upon the location of the subjectrelative to one or more defined inclusion and/or exclusion zones.Communication device 830 may also determine and transmit a location ofthe subject when requested by web application 884.

In the disclosed embodiments, the use of the testing device and theankle bracelet for reporting information based upon a court orderedprocedure is by example only. Systems 100 and 800 may be used to monitorand report other information for other reasons without departing fromthe scope hereof. For example, parents may use system 800 to track thelocation of their child and may use system 100 to monitor the level ofdrug use by their child.

Vehicle Control Device

FIG. 16 shows one exemplary system 1600 for controlling operation of avehicle based upon a measured condition of a test subject (e.g., adriver or operator of the vehicle). System 1600 may control operation ofother devices, such as smart home appliances industrial machinery,computers, and so on, where operation of these other device is notpermitted by an impaired operator.

System 1600 includes a testing device 1602 that automatically senses acondition of the test subject. Testing device 1602 includes one or moresensors 1604, a processor 1606, a memory 1608, a display 1610, a secureinterface 1612, and a battery 1624. Optionally, testing device 1602includes a security unit 1614 for monitoring integrity of testing device1602 and indicating whether testing device 1602 has been compromised(e.g., opened and/or tampered with). Battery 1624 is selected to be of acommon type with a long life and that is easily replaceable. Calibrationof testing device 1602 is quick and simple.

In one embodiment, sensor 1604 detects Breath Alcohol Concentration(BAC) and is for example implemented using fuel cell technology. Testingdevice 1602 thus operates as a breathalyzer and includes a tube 1605that is coupled with sensor 1604 and a distal portion 1622 coupled withtube 1605 and into which the test subject blows. Base portion of tube1605 is permanently coupled with testing device 1602 to preventtampering and a distal portion 1622 is replaceable. Tube 1605 may beconfigured with sensor protection device 1699, such as a cross-hair ormesh, to prevent the test subject from tampering with sensor(s) 1604.For example, the cross-hair and/or mesh prevents the test subject frominserting a foreign object into tube 1605 in an attempt to damagesensor(s) 1604.

Testing device 1602 includes software 1616, stored within memory 1608,having machine readable instructions that when executed by processor1606 control sensor 1604 to measure BAC value 1618. BAC value 1618 isstored in memory 1608 and displayed on display 1610, as illustrativelyshown in dashed outline. Software 1616 may also include instructions foroperating testing device 1602 that are displayed on display 1610.Security unit 1614 may include a serial number 1620 (shown stored withinmemory 1608) and an integrity indication (e.g., from security unit 1614)that are also displayed on display 1610 to indicate authenticity of themeasured BAC value 1618.

System 1600 also includes a communication device 1630 that is shown witha processor 1632, a memory 1634, an interface 1636, a camera 1638, anetwork interface 1640, and a display 1642 (e.g., a user interface).Network interface 1640 represents a wireless transceiver forcommunicating with a cellular communication network for example.Interface 1612 of testing device 1602 and interface 1636 ofcommunication device 1630 communicate with one another and may representeither a wired electrical interface (e.g., using a physical plug andsocket) or a wireless interface (e.g., wireless transceivers thatimplement Bluetooth). Testing device 1602 may include a flow meter orother device known in the art of breathalyzers for determining that afull breath has been applied through tube 1605.

Testing device 1602 also includes a physical positioning mechanism 1670(that may include interface 1612 when interface 1612 is implemented as aphysical connector) for physically coupling with communication device1630. Communication device 1630 is for example one of an iPhone and anAndroid smart phone that is capable of determining its location (e.g.,using a GPS receiver or other location determining device) and whereincamera 1638 is front facing. When physically coupled together, testingdevice 1602 and communication device 1630 are oriented such that camera1638 may capture an image 1646 of the test subject providing a sampleinto tube 1605 of testing device 1602. In one embodiment, the image is aplurality of images (e.g., a video) captured during the provision of thesample. In particular, testing device 1602 is configured such that, whenphysically coupled with communication device 1630, tube 1605, distalportion 1622 and display 1610 are visible within image 1646 captured bycamera 1638. Further, testing device 1602 is also configured such thatcamera 1638 also captures image 1646 to include a front view of the faceof the test subject providing a breath sample into tube 1605. Camera1638 may also capture portions (e.g., steering wheel, seat, etc.) ofvehicle 1692 within image 1646.

Upon completion of a measurement, BAC value 1618 is communicated fromtesting device 1602 to communication device 1630 via interface 1612 andinterface 1636. Testing device 1602 is controlled from communicationdevice 1630 via interface 1612 and interface 1636. Software 1644, storedwithin memory 1634 of communication device 1630, includes machinereadable instructions that when executed by processor 1632 interact withtesting device 1602 to control sensing of BAC value 1618 within a breathsample and transfer of BAC value 1618 to memory 1634. Software 1616 andsoftware 1644 communicate to synchronize operation of testing device1602 and communication device 1630 to perform functionality describedbelow.

Optionally, BAC value 1618, serial number 1620, and image 1646 are sent,via communication device 1630 under control of software 1644, as amessage 1660 to a database 1682 and/or a web application 1684 running ona server 1680. That is, in one embodiment, system 1600 operates similarto system 100 of FIG. 1 to allow web application 1684 to trackmeasurements of testing device 1602. One or more of web application1684, software 1644 and software 1616 includes facial recognitionfunctionality for automatically recognizing the face of the test subjectwithin image 1646, wherein an alert may be automatically generated ifthe face of the test subject is not recognized.

A vehicle 1692 is fitted with a vehicle module 1694 that is hard wiredto the ignition system of the vehicle for example. Vehicle 1692represents any type of motorized vehicle with a motor, including a car,a motorcycle, an electric vehicle, a hybrid vehicle, and so on. Vehiclemodule 1694 prevents operation of the vehicle unless specificallyenabled via a wired or wireless interface 1696 within vehicle module1694 and may also activate the headlamps and/or the horn of vehicle 1692when a test is required during vehicle operation and indicates a BACvalue above a predetermined threshold. That is, system 1600 may operateto perform BAC tests, using testing device 1602, while the test subjectoperates vehicle 1692, wherein for safety reasons the headlamps and/orthe horn of vehicle 1692 are activated instead of the vehicle beingdisabled.

In one embodiment, vehicle module 1694 communicates wirelessly, viainterface 1696, with network interface 1640 of communication device1630, wherein communication device 1630 sends an enable signal 1690 tovehicle module 1694 when BAC value 1618 has a value below a predefinedthreshold to allow unfettered operation of the vehicle. Communicationbetween vehicle module 1694 and communication device 1630 is secure andtamper proof, thereby ensuring that enable signal 1690 cannot beprovided by another device. Communication between vehicle module 1694and communication device 1630 may also be implemented through wires andphysical couplings (e.g., a dock for receiving communication device1630) without departing from the scope hereof. For example, wherewireless communication is not considered secure, a wired interfacebetween communication device 1630 and vehicle module 1694 may beprovided. Where vehicle module 1694 interfaces directly with a computersystem of vehicle 1692, vehicle module 1694 and/or communication device1630 may utilize added security encryption, for example as required by avehicle manufacturer.

In one example of operation, communication device 1630 waits to receivea confirmation signal from web application 1684 before sending enablesignal 1690 to vehicle module 1694. In one embodiment, the confirmationsignal is granted by a third party via web application 1684, such aswhen a parent grants authority for a son or daughter to use vehicle1692, or such as when, during an emergency situation, even when BACvalue 1618 is above the predefined threshold, operation of vehicle 1692is allowed.

In an alternate embodiment, vehicle module 1694 communicates directlywith testing device 1602 via interfaces 1696 and interface 1612 (or viaa hard wired interface), wherein vehicle module 1694 includesintelligence (e.g., a processor, memory, and software) that determinewhether the vehicle should be operable (i.e., enabled) based upon theBAC value 1618 received from testing device 1602 within enable signal1690. In one example of operation, testing device 1602 and vehiclemodule 1694 form a secure communication link, wherein operation oftesting device 1602 is controlled by vehicle module 1694 to periodicallyrequest BAC testing of samples from the test subject during operation ofvehicle 1692. That is, testing device 1602 and vehicle module 1694 mayoperate independently of communication device 1630 in certaincircumstances.

In one embodiment, for each operation of testing device 1602, a securitycode (S/C) 1621 that is a randomly generated number from communicationdevice 1630 or server 1680 is received and stored within memory 1608.S/C 1621 is displayed on display 1610 such that it is captured withinimage 1646 by camera 1638 of communication device 1630, and optionallyadded to message 1660. Use of S/C 1621 prevents fraudulent use oftesting device 1602 since S/C 1621 cannot be predicted and is generatedfor each use of testing device 1602.

In another embodiment, security unit 1614 (or software 1616) includes apseudo random number generator that generates S/C 1621 that appears tobe random to the test subject. In this embodiment, security unit 1614generates a next number in the sequence for each use of testing device1602, where the same sequence of numbers generated by security unit 1614is also generated within server 1680 and thereby allows server 1680 tovalidate each use of testing device 1602 to detect misuse thereof. Forexample, upon receiving message 1660, web application 1684 automaticallydetects and recognizes S/C 1621 within image 1646 and compares therecognized value against the generated (or predicted) S/C 1621 andgenerates a notification when there is a mismatch. Thus, potentialmisuse (e.g., where the test subject attempts to reuse a previouslydetermined BAC value and image or attempts to use a testing deviceassigned to another test subject) of testing device 1602 is quicklyidentified.

Optionally, one or both of testing device 1602 and communication device1630 includes a speaker 1611, 1643 that under control of software 1616,1644, respectively, may generate audio to alert the test subject. Forexample, web application 1684 may send a message to communication device1630 that causes speaker 1643 to generate a sound, for example to remindthe test subject that a next test is overdue. In another example ofoperation, upon receiving a message from web application 1684,communication device 1630 sends a message to testing device 1602 causingspeaker 1611 to generate a sound. Thus, system 1600 allows webapplication 1684 and/or communication device 1630 to audibly notify thetest subject of an overdue test for example.

Although shown as different devices, communication devices 130, 830, and1630 may be the same device, wherein functionality of software 144, 844,and 1644 is combined to allow the communication device to operate withany one or more of devices 102, 802, and 1602. In one example, acommunication device (e.g., one of communication devices 130, 830, and1630) couples with a BAC testing device (e.g., one of testing devices102 and 1602), a bracelet (e.g., bracelet 802) and a vehicle module(e.g., vehicle module 1694), wherein the communication device may alsocommunicate with a web app (e.g., one or all of web applications 184,884, and 1684) running on one or more servers (e.g., one or more ofservers 180, 880, and 1680). In one example of operation, thecommunication device communicated with the testing device to measure BACof the test subject, and may also communicate with the bracelet toensure the proximity of the test subject to the communication device.That is, the communication device, testing device, and bracelet mayoperate concurrently to measure drug use of the test subject and monitormovement of the test subject. Where the test subject also wishes tooperate a vehicle (e.g., vehicle 1692), the communication device and thevehicle module may communicate to enable the vehicle when BAC of thetest subject if measured and below a predefined threshold.

Systems 100 and 1600 may also be adapted for monitoring body vitalsincluding one or more of: Blood Sugar level, Heart conditions, Bloodattributes, Brain Waves, animal drug levels, perspiration, respiration,and electromagnetic energy, and other body vitals without departing fromthe scope hereof. For example, communication devices 130, 1630 maycommunicate with other types of testing device (e.g., a heart ratemonitor) such that the communication device may automatically generatean alert when a predefined heart rate threshold (low and/or high) isexceeded. In one embodiment, bracelet 802 includes additional sensorsfor monitoring certain vitals of the wearer and for sending the measuredvitals periodically to communication device 830.

In one embodiment, communication device 1630 includes a biometric reader1650 that is utilized by software 1644 to obtain a biometric image(e.g., a finger print, a retinal scan, and so on) of the test subject,wherein the biometric image may be used to provide additionalverification of the identity of the test subject. In another embodiment,testing device 1602 includes a biometric reader 1652 that is utilized bysoftware 1616 to capture a biometric image of the test subject, whereinthe biometric image is used to provide additional verification of theidentity of the test subject.

Where system 1600 includes one or both of biometric readers 1650 and1652, the captured biometric image may also be included within message1660, wherein web application 1684 of server 1680 may implementadditional validation of the test subject based upon the biometric imageand a master biometric image stored within database 1682 in associationwith the test subject, for example. Where the biometric image does notmatch the master biometric image, web application 1684 may generate analert to an administrator and/or operator of system 1600. Thus, thealert indicating the possibility of fraudulent use of testing device1602.

In one embodiment, one or more of testing device 1602, communicationdevice 1630, and server 1680 may also require that the heart rate of thetest subject be within a predefined range before vehicle module 1694enables operation of vehicle 1692. For example, where heart rate of thetest subject is measured by one of bracelet 802, fitness trackers, orother such monitors, vehicle module 1694 may require the measured heartrate to be within a range that excludes the possibility of substanceabuse. Similarly, if, while the test subject is operating vehicle 1692and the heart rate suddenly drops to be below the predefined range,operation of vehicle 1692 may be inhibited in a safe way.

FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating one exemplary method 1700 forcontrolling operation of vehicle 1692 based upon a measured condition ofa test subject (e.g., a driver or operator of the vehicle). Method 1700is for example implemented in part within each of: software 1644 ofcommunication device 1630, software 1616 of testing device 1602, and webapplication 1684 of server 1680.

In step 1702, method 1700 displays an ignition interlock app startupscreen. In one example of step 1702, software 1644 displays a startupscreen on display 1842 of communication device 1630 to indicateoperation of system 1600. Step 1704 is a decision. If, in step 1704,method 1700 determines that the individual wants to drive vehicle 1692,method 1700 continues with step 1706; otherwise, method 1700 terminates.

In step 1706, method 1700 establishes communication between testingdevice 1602 and communication device 1630 and instructs the test subjectto blow. In one example of step 1706, software 1644 displaysinstructions for the test subject to blow into tube 1605 via distalportion 1622 on display 1642. In step 1708, method 1700 detects theindividual blowing into testing device 1602 and measures and sends theBAC to the communication device. In one example of step 1708, testingdevice 1602 detects the breath as the individual blows into tube 1605,measures BAC value 1618 using sensor 1604, and then sends BAC value 1618to communication device 1630 via interfaces 1612 and 1636.

In step 1710, method 1700 receives, within the communication device, theBAC level from the testing device, assembles a data-packet containingthe BAC, an image of the individual blowing into testing device 1602,and one or more of a BAC serial number, a user ID, a password, alocation, a communication device type, a date and timestamp, and a MACaddress, and sends the data-packet to a web application running on aserver and to a vehicle ignition interlock device. In one example ofstep 1710, communication device 1630 receives BAC value 1618 fromtesting device 1602 via interfaces 1612 and 1636, assembles message 1660containing BAC value 1618, image 1646, captured by communication device1630 of the individual providing a sample into testing device 1602,serial number 1620, and a date and timestamp. Communication device 1630then sends message 1660 to web application 1684 and optionally, wherevehicle module 1694 contains intelligence, sends enable signal 1690 tovehicle module 1694.

Step 1712 is a decision. If, in step 1712, method 1700 determines thatthe BAC is within the limits for driving the vehicle, method 1700continues with step 1714; otherwise, method 1700 continues with step1720. In one example of step 1712, software 1644 compares BAC value 1618with a predefined threshold to determine whether the individual has alow enough BAC to operate vehicle 1692.

Step 1714 is a decision. If, in step 1714, method 1700 determines thatthe ignition interlock has been turned off, method 1700 continues withstep 1716; otherwise, method 1700 continues with step 1718. In oneexample of step 1714, communication device 1630 stores within memory1634 a status of vehicle module 1694 that indicates whether the ignitioninterlock is enabled or disabled. In another example of step 1714,software 1644 interrogates vehicle module 1694 to determine the statusof the ignition interlock.

In step 1716, method 1700 sends unlock data to the vehicle ignitioninterlock device. In one example of step 1716, software 1644 sends anunlock code within enable signal 1690 to vehicle module 1694 viainterface 1636 to enable unfettered operation of vehicle 1692.

In step 1718, method 1700 displays an “OK to Drive” message on thecommunication device. In one example of step 1718, software 1644displays the text “OK to Drive” on display 1642. Method 1700 thenterminates.

In step 1720, method 1700 sends lock data to the vehicle ignitioninterlock device. In one example of step 1720, software 1644 sendsenable signal 1690 containing a lock code to vehicle module 1694 todisable operation of the engine of vehicle 1692. Method 1700 thencontinues with step 1722.

Step 1722 is a decision. If, in step 1722, method 1700 determines thatthe user wishes to retest, method 1700 continues with step 1704;otherwise, method 1700 terminates. In one example of step 1722, software1644 interacts with the individual by displaying, using display 1642, amessage asking whether to retest, and receives a yes or no input fromthe individual.

Optionally, one or both of testing device 1602 and communication device1630 includes a speaker 1611, 1643 that under control of software 1616,1644, respectively, may generate audio to alert the test subject. Forexample, web application 184 may send a message to communication device130 that causes speaker 143 to generate a sound, for example to remindthe test subject that a next test is overdue. In another example ofoperation, upon receiving a message from web application 184,communication device 130 sends a message to testing device 102 causingspeaker 111 to generate a sound. Thus, system 100 allows a monitoringauthority, via one or both of web application 184 and/or communicationdevice 130, to audibly notify the test subject of an overdue test or torequest a random sampling for example.

Liveness Detection

Increased reliability and reduced cost are always desirable for devicesthat are to be provided to test subjects. To achieve this, complexityhas to be reduced without loss of functionality. For example, it isimportant to capture evidence that the test subject is providing thesample being tested. This may be in the form of a camera that capturesan image of the test subject providing the test sample to the testingdevice.

Since most people carry a communication device (e.g., a smartphone) thatincludes a camera and a GPS location device, the camera and the locationdevice may be omitted from the testing device and those of thecommunication device used to provide evidence of the test subjectproviding the test sample. This advantageously increases reliability byreducing complexity and cost of the testing device. However, where thecamera is not physically included within the testing device, there is nodirect and physical correlation for capturing evidence that the testsubject is providing the test sample to the testing device.

For example, consider where two testing devices are identical inappearance; a first testing device is communicatively coupled with thecommunication device that includes a camera that captures one or moreimages when a test sample is provided to the first testing unit, and asecond testing device that is not operational (i.e., a dummy testingdevice that is not communicatively coupled to the communication deviceor measuring substance levels).

The camera of the communication device captures the images to provideevidence that the test subject is providing the test sample beingtested. However, where the test subject holds the communication deviceand blows into the second (dummy) testing device while a third partysimultaneously provides a sample into the first testing device, theprovided sample triggers the communication device to captures images ofwhat appears to be the test subjected providing the test sample.However, in reality, the tested sample was not from the test subject,and thus the test subject has “fooled the system”.

To ensure that this cannot occur, additional measures are needed. First,the testing device includes a physical positioning mechanism thatpositions the communication device such that the camera of thecommunication device captures: (a) at least part of the face of the testsubject providing the sample into the testing device, (b) the distal tipof the tube through which the test sample is provided, and (c) a displayof the testing device. That is, the testing device display isconfigured, positioned, and oriented such that it is captured in thesame image as the face of the test subject providing the test sample. Bydisplaying a particular value of the display (e.g., a random numberreceived from a server or generated by the communication device) whenthe test sample is provided, the image captured of the test subjectproviding the test sample also includes the random number on the displayof the testing device. Thus, the image provides evidence that thecorrect testing device is being used to receive the test sample from thetest subject and that it is communicating with the communication device.

Thus, the position of the display on the testing device, the physicalpositioning mechanism, and the use of the random number, ensures thatthe evidence is strong and prevents the test subject from “fooling” thesystem. Without these features, any captured evidence is inconclusiveleaving the system vulnerable to cheating by the test subject.

Additional features are added, as described below, to improve detectionof fraudulent activity by the test subject when providing a test sample.

FIG. 19 shows one exemplary system 1900 for locating and determiningsubstance abuse. System 1900 includes testing device 102/1602 of FIGS. 1and 16, respectively, and a communication device 1930 that is physicallypositioned relative to testing device 102/1602 by physical positioningmechanism 170/1670, as described above. Communication device 1930 mayinclude functionality of one or more of communication devices 130, 830,and 1630 of FIGS. 1, 8, and 16, respectively, to operate with testingdevice 102/1602.

Communication device 1930 is shown with a processor 1932, a memory 1934,an interface 1936, a camera 1938, a network interface 1940, a display1942, and a location device 1948 that are similar to processor 132,memory 134, interface 136, camera 138, network interface 140, display142, and location device 148, respectively, of communication device 130.Memory 1934 is shown storing software 1944 that includes machinereadable instructions that when executed by processor 1932 providecommunication device 1930 with the functionality described below.Software 1944 is for example an app that is loaded and executed oncommunication device 1930.

Network interface 1940 represents a wireless transceiver forcommunicating with a cellular communication network for example.Interface 1936 may communicate with one or more external biometricsensors 1980 that measure one or more of heart rate monitor, respirationrate, perspiration rate, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), pulse rate(PR), perfusion index (PI), Plethysmograph Variability Index (PVI),glucose level, and so on. These one or more external biometric sensors1980 may be configured with articles worn by the test subject, such asone or more of clothing, necklaces, bracelets (including bracelet 802 ofFIGS. 8 and 9), and so on, such that data may be sensed continuallyand/or periodically without being intrusive to the test subject. In oneembodiment, one or more external biometric sensors 1980 are configuredto continuously and/or periodically detect a substance level within thetest subject, wherein a biometric monitor 1962 of communication device1930 processes the received biometric data and detected substance levelto determine substance abuse.

Software 1944 is shown with a device security module 1952, a livenessanalyzer 1954, a subject ID verifier 1956, a video selector 1958, a testscheduler 1960, and a biometric monitor 1962.

Device security module 1952 ensures that communication device 1930connects with testing device 102/1602, and that BAC value 1918 isdetermined from the test subject providing the current sample. Devicesecurity module 1952 controls the start of the testing process and mayinteract with testing device 102/1602 to synchronize operation of thetesting device 102/1602 with communication device 1930. For example, thesynchronization between communication device 1930 and testing device102/1602 ensures that the advanced features implemented by livenessanalyzer 1954, subject ID verifier 1956, video selector 1958, testscheduler 1960, and biometric monitor 1962 occur at the appropriate timewhen the test subject provides the test sample to testing device102/1602. In certain embodiments, testing device 102/1602 sends anindication to communication device 1930 when the test subject blows(e.g., as detected by a pressure sensor of testing device 102/1602) intodistal portion 122/1622 of tube 105/1605, wherein device security module1952 (or other portions of software 1944) invoke one or more of livenessanalyzer 1954, subject ID verifier 1956, video selector 1958, testscheduler 1960, and biometric monitor 1962 to capture image 1946 and/orimage sequence 1947, sensed biometric data 1978 and sensed biometricimage 1979 and initiate processing thereof, as described below.

In one embodiment, device security module 1952 interacts with interface1936 to ensure that, during testing of the test subject, communicationdevice 1930 is connected only to one testing device 102/1602. Forexample, where interface 1940 is wireless and implements one or more ofBluetooth, WiFi, and other such protocols, device security module 1952operates to exclude other testing devices from concurrently connectingto communication device 1930. Thus, only one testing device 102/1602 maybe used to submit test data to communication device 1930. Suchconnectivity restrictions ensure that testing device 102/1602 viewed bycamera 1938 receiving the sample from the test subject is the one usedto provide the test data (e.g., BAC value 1918) to communication device1930. As described above, camera 1938 is positioned by physicalpositioning mechanism 170/1670 and controlled to capture image 1946 tosimultaneously include both (a) a front view of the face of the testsubject providing a breath sample into tube 105/1605 and (b) display110/1610 of testing device 102/1602. Since, when acquiring the testsample, display 110/1610 is controlled to display security code (S/C)1621, which is for example a randomly generated number received fromserver 180 via communication device 1930 or a pseudo random numbergenerated within communication device 1930 and predictable only withinserver 180/1680 (i.e., not predictable by the test subject), testingdevice 102/1602 is verified as being the device receiving the testsample from the test subject and verified as being the only testingdevice 102/1602 in communication with communication device 1930.

In one embodiment, video selector 1958 selects image 1946 and imagesequence 1947 from an image stream continually captured by camera 1938as the test subject configures and utilizes testing device 102/1602 andcommunication device 1930. Much of this continual image stream is notimportant or informative, such as when the test subject does not appearwithin the captures images. Video selector 1958 uses intelligence toprocesses the continual image stream and determine which images areimportant and/or of value in identifying and evaluating the test subjectand stores these images and image sequences as image 1946 and imagesequence 1947.

In one example of operation, video selector 1958 selects image 1946 fromthe continual image stream when testing device 102/1602 indicates thatthe test subject is providing a sample. Video selector 1958 evaluateseach image and selects one or more images that capture a clear view ofthe test subject's face with the eyes open (i.e., when the test subjectis not blinking). Video selector 1958 also captures one or more imagesequences 1947 from the continuous image stream when the test subject isdetermined to be doing something of interest. For example, videoselector 1958 may detect when the test subject is having difficultyphysically positioning communication device 1930 and testing device102/1602 together prior to providing a sample, since such difficulty mayindicate a level of sobriety of the test subject. Thus, by determiningand selecting images of value from the continual image stream fromcamera 1938, video selector 1958 reduces the amount of image data thatneeds to be captured and sent to server 180/1680 for determining theidentity of the test subject.

FIG. 20 is a flowchart illustrating one exemplary method 2000 fordetermining liveness probability 1922 of FIG. 19, which is indicative ofliveness of the test subject captured within image sequence 1947 of FIG.19. Method 2000 is implemented within liveness analyzer 1954, forexample. FIGS. 19 and 20 are best viewed together with the followingdescription.

Liveness analyzer 1954 processes image sequence 1947 and/or image 1946to determine “liveness” of the test subject providing the test sample.In step 2002 of method 2000, liveness analyzer 1954 compares images inimage sequence 1947 to detect changes in the captured face of the testsubject. For example, liveness analyzer 1954 processes image 1946 andimage sequence 1947 to detect variations in facial features over time.For example, liveness analyzer 1954 may detect changes between images ofimage sequence 1947 resulting from eye movement and blinking of the testsubject. In one embodiment, liveness analyzer 1954 counts blinks foreach stage (e.g., before the test sample is provided, while the testsample is provided, and after the test sample is provided) of thetesting process. The number of blinks detected at each stage may be usedto determine a liveness probability. In another example, livenessanalyzer 1954 may detect pulsing of blood flow beneath the skin of theface. When a mask with a likeness of the test subject is used by anotherindividual providing the test sample to testing device 102 in an attemptto avoid detection of the controlled substance in the test subject,liveness analyzer 1954 will not detect indications of liveness withinimage sequence 1947. That is, even though a mask or image resembling thetest subject is used in an attempt to fool system 1900 by replicatingthe likeness of the test subject within image 1946 and image sequence1947, the mask cannot replicate movement and other changes in the facialfeatures captured within image sequence 1947 that indicate liveness ofthe test subject.

Liveness analyzer 1954 may detect many different liveness indicationswithin image sequence 1947, including changes in image intensityresulting from changes in ambient light, consistency in shading offacial features, changes in skin color resulting from blood flow beneaththe skin, changes in cheek position during exhale into tube 105/1605,changes in facial expression (e.g., movement of facial muscles), regularmovements resulting from breathing, and so on. In step 2004 of method2000, liveness analyzer 1954 evaluates the detected changes (of step2002 of method 2000) within image sequence 1947 to identify indicatorsof liveness, which are stored within memory as liveness indicators 1921.

In one embodiment, in optional step 2006 of method 2000, livenessanalyzer 1954 compares currently detected liveness indicators 1921against previously detected liveness indicators (i.e., detected forpreviously provided test samples by the test subject), wherein when apreviously detected liveness indicator is not currently detected,liveness analyzer 1954 may raise an alarm indicating the change inbehavior of the test subject.

Liveness analyzer 1954 may evaluate consistency in detected movementwithin image sequence 1947 to other sensed inputs, such as heart ratefrom biometric sensor 1980. For example, where a detected heart ratecorresponds to the frequency of detected changes in skin color resultingfrom pulsing blood flow, liveness analyzer 1954 may increase probabilityof the corresponding liveness indicator 1921.

In step 2008 of method 2000, liveness analyzer 1954 generates livenessprobability 1922 (stored within validity indicator 1920), based upondetected liveness indicators 1921. For example, where livenessindicators 1921 include many indications of liveness, livenessprobability 1922 may be generated with a high value (e.g., eightypercent), indicating that it is likely that image sequence 1947 containimages of the live actual test subject, whereas where livenessindicators 1921 includes few indications of liveness, liveness analyzer1954 may generate liveness probability 1922 with a low value (e.g.,thirty percent), indicating that it is unlikely that image sequence 1947contain images of a live test subject. Validity indicator 1920 is sentto server 180/1680 together with the test results as an indication oftheir validity.

In one example of operation, liveness analyzer 1954 may determine thatwhere liveness indicators 1921 contains only an indication of detectedeye movement, liveness analyzer 1954 generates liveness probability 1922with a value of thirty percent. Similarly, where liveness indicators1921 includes only an indication of detected movement of cheek muscles,liveness analyzer 1954 generates liveness probability 1922 with a valueof 30 percent. Thus, where a single indication of liveness is detectedwithin image sequence 1947, the probability of the images being of thelive test subject is low. However, where liveness indicators 1921include both eye movement and cheek muscle movement, liveness analyzer1954 generates liveness probability 1922 with a value of sixty percent,for example, thereby indicating a higher probability that image sequence1947 captured images of the live test subject.

Image sequence 1947 may further include images captured prior to, andafter, the period when the test subject provides the test sample totesting device 102, and may thus show movement of the test subject'slips being position onto tube 105/1605. In one embodiment, livenessanalyzer 1954 may select or identify one or more images within imagesequence 1947 that provide additional evidence of the liveness of thetest subject providing the test sample. By evaluating facial movements,colors and shading within the captured image sequences, livenessanalyzer 1954 detects when a static image or mask is used in an attemptto fool system 1900 into believing that a sample was provided by thetest subject when it was provided by a third party.

Subject ID verifier 1956 automatically verifies the identity of the testsubject providing the test sample based upon sensed inputs. Subject IDverifier 1956 uses one or more images from image 1946, image sequence1947, audio data 1977, sensed biometric data 1978, and sensed biometricimage 1979 to recognize the test subject based upon identification (ID)data 1970 stored within memory 1934.

ID data 1970 stores one or more of ID image 1972 of the test subject,biometric patterns 1974 of the test subject, and traits 1976 of the testsubject. ID Data 1970 may be downloaded from server 180 upon each use ofsoftware 1944 or stored within memory 1934 upon configuration ofcommunication device 1930.

Subject ID verifier 1956 may verify the identity of the test subjectbefore, during, and/or after, the test subject has provided the testsample. In one example of operation, subject ID verifier 1956 instructsthe test subject to provide identification information using one or moreof a biometric reader 1950 of communication device 1930, biometricreader 152 of testing device 102/1602, an external biometric sensor1980, and/or camera 1938. For example, one or both of biometric reader1950 and biometric reader 152 may be used to capture one or more fingerprint images of the test subject and store those images as sensedbiometric image 1979. In another example, camera 1638 is used to capturean image of an iris/retina of the test subject and store those images assensed biometric image 1979. In another example, camera 1938 is used tocapture a facial image of the test subject and store those images assensed biometric image 1979. In another example, one or more biometricsensors 1980 are used to capture other biometric data (E.g., ECG, EGG,etc.) from the test subject and store those images as sensed biometricdata 1978. In another example, ancillary health and environmental datais collected from other ‘smart’ devices (iWatch, FitBit, ankle bracelet,vehicle interlock, etc.) and store those images as sensed biometric data1978.

Sensed biometric data 1978 and/or sensed biometric image 1979 may becompared to ID data 1970. For example, subject ID verifier 1956 comparessensed biometric data 1978 against biometric patterns 1974 to determineif they match, and thereby authenticate the identity of the testsubject. Where sensed biometric image 1979 contains an iris/retinalimage, sensed biometric image 1979 is compared against an iris/retinalimage defined within biometric patterns 1974. Where sensed biometricimage 1979 includes a facial image, subject ID verifier 1956 comparessensed biometric image 1979 against ID image 1972 and determines traitswithin sensed biometric image 1979 for comparison against correspondingtraits defined within traits 1976. Based upon matches between sensedbiometric data 1978 and sensed biometric image 1979 to ID data 1970,subject ID verifier 1956 generates an ID probability 1924, stored withinvalidity indicator 1920, to indicate a probability of identifying thetest subject. For example, where ID probability 1924 is eighty percent,is it likely that sensed biometric data 1978 and sensed biometric image1979 are from the test subject, whereas where ID probability 1924 isthirty percent, is it likely that sensed biometric data 1978 and sensedbiometric image 1979 are not from the test subject.

In another example, a microphone 1939 of communication device 1930 isused to capture audio of the test subject speaking a requested phrase.The captured audio is stored as audio data 1977 and subject ID verifier1956 uses voice analysis to match audio data 1977 with correspondingbiometric patterns 1974.

Subject ID verifier 1956 may use a combination of biometricidentification (fingerprint, iris/retinal, face recognition, voicerecognition, vein matching, soft biometrics, etc.) in addition to, or asreplacement of, photo/video identification and validation. In oneembodiment, functionality of subject ID verifier 1956 is implementedwithin testing device 102/1602. In another embodiment, functionality ofsubject ID verifier 1956 is implemented within web application 184.Functionality of subject ID verifier 1956 may be implemented in other‘smart’ devices without departing from the scope hereof.

Traits 1976 may define one or more physical conditions selected from thegroup including: skin color, eye color, hair color, presence of beard,presence of moustache, height, and weight. Traits 1976 may also defineone or more adhered human characteristics selected from the groupincluding: clothes color, tattoos, and accessories.

As shown in FIG. 19, communication device stores, within memory 1934, atest schedule 1961 that defines time when the test subject is expectedto provide a test sample to testing device 102/1602. Test schedule 1961may be received from remote server 180/1680 and/or configured directlywithin communication device 1930. Test scheduler 1960 maintains testschedule 1961 and prompts the test subject when it is time to take thenext test. Test scheduler 1960 may also update test schedule 1961automatically based upon one or both of a previous test result and alocation of that test.

In one example of operation, where results of a previous test weremarginal (i.e., not fails but not ideal), test scheduler 1960 maydetermine that the next test is to occur within two hours rather thanafter a previously scheduled four hour period. In another example, wherea previous test occurred at a location that was not the user's home orwork, test scheduler 1960 may determine that the next test is to occurwithin two hours rather than after a previously scheduled four hourperiod.

Where more than one previous test occurred at locations other than thoseexpected (i.e., the user's home or work place), test scheduler 1960 maydetermine that the next test is to occur within one hour rather thanafter the default four hour period, wherein the results of the next testare used to validate the previous test results.

In one embodiment, test scheduler 1960 determines when the test subjectis due to take the next test based upon a current location of the testsubject (e.g., as determined from location device 1948). For example,where previous tests did not occur at expected location, test scheduler1960 may determine when the test subject arrives at the expectedlocation (e.g., using location device 1948), and schedule an immediatetest.

In another example, test scheduler 1960 may automatically update testschedule 1961 to include random tests, such that the test subject is notaware when the next test will occur. For example, were the test subjecthas previously attempted to defeat identification and sample collection,test scheduler 1960 may be configured to request testing at random timesand to have a random number of tests each day, such that the testsubject cannot predict when the next test will occur and thereby thetest subject cannot be prepared to attempt fraudulent testing.

Biometric monitor 1962 processes data from biometric sensors 1980 toidentify effects of substance abuse on the test subject through moreconventional biometric monitoring. For example, biometric monitor 1962may detect a sudden increase in one or both of heart rate andrespiration rate, when increased activity is not concurrently detected(e.g., as detected using data from fitness devices and other movementsensors), to determine that the test subject is using a substance.Similarly, biometric monitor 1962 may detect a sudden decrease in heartrate and/or respiration rate, at a time when the test subject is notdetermined to be asleep, that indicates use of a substance by the testsubject. In another example, biometric monitor 1962 may detect when themeasured heart rate drops below a level measured when the test subjectis asleep to determine use of a substance by the test subject. Thus,biometric monitor 1962 may use biometric data from any available sensorto detect substance abuse at any time by the test subject.

Biometric monitor 1962 may also detect when a sensed condition (e.g.,heart rate) is missing, indicating the removal of a device (e.g., anklebracelet 802) by the test subject, wherein biometric monitor 1962 mayattempt to interact with the test subject to correct the problem and/orraise an alarm.

Biometric sensors 1980 may represent sensors of other devices worn orused by the test subject. For example, where the test subject uses afitness tracker and/or activity monitor, data from these other devicesmay be input into communication device 1930 and/or server 180 andcorrelated with data from other biometric sensors 1980 and/or testresults generated by testing device 102/1602.

Enhanced Intelligent Testing Device

FIG. 21 shows one exemplary intelligent testing device that includesintelligence and communication functionality for locating anddetermining substance use. Testing device 2102 includes one or moresensors 2104, a tube 2105 with a distal end 2122, a processor 2106, amemory 2108, a display 2110, a secure interface 2112, a battery 2124,and a security unit 2114 for monitoring integrity of testing device 2102and indicating whether testing device 2102 has been compromised (e.g.,opened and/or tampered with). Tube 2105 may be configured with sensorprotection device 2199, such as a cross-hair or mesh, to prevent thetest subject from tampering with sensor(s) 2104. For example, thecross-hair and/or mesh prevents the test subject from inserting aforeign object into tube 2105 in an attempt to damage sensor(s) 2104.Battery 2124 is selected to be of a common type with a long life andthat is easily replaceable. Testing device 2102 includes software 2116,stored within memory 2108, having machine readable instructions thatwhen executed by processor 2106 provide functionality of testing device2102 as described herein.

Processor 2106 executes software 2116 to control sensor 2104 to measureBAC value 2118 in a sample provided by the test subject to sensor 2104via tube 2105. BAC value 2118 is stored in memory 2108 and optionallydisplayed on display 2110, as illustratively shown in dashed outline.Software 2116 may also include operational instructions that aredisplayed on display 2110 to instruct the test subject on how to operatetesting device 2102. Display 2110 may have a touch sensitive screen andoperate as an input device for testing device 2102. Security unit 2114may include a serial number 2119 (shown stored within memory 2108)unique to testing device 2102 and an integrity indication (e.g., asymbol) that may be displayed on display 2110 to indicate authenticityof the measured BAC value 2118. Security unit 2114 bases the integrityindication upon integrity of testing device 2102. For example, wheresecurity unit 2114 detects tampering (e.g., opening) of testing device2102, the integrity icon is not displayed on display 2110. Testingdevice 2102 includes functionality of testing device 102 and 1602, andalso includes certain functionality of communication devices 130 and1630, thereby alleviating the need for a separate communication devicewhen communicating with server 180. That is, testing device 2102 maycommunicate directly with server 180 via wireless and/or wired networks.

Software 2116 is shown with a device security module 2152, a livenessanalyzer 2154, a subject ID verifier 2156, a video selector 2158, a testscheduler 2160, and a biometric monitor 2162. Device security module2152, liveness analyzer 2154, subject ID verifier 2156, video selector2158, test scheduler 2160, and biometric monitor 2162 operate similarlyto device security module 1952, liveness analyzer 1954, subject IDverifier 1956, video selector 1958, test scheduler 1960, and biometricmonitor 1962 of communication device 1930 of FIG. 19. That is, certainfunctionality of communication device 1930 is incorporated into testingdevice 2102. For example, one or more biometric sensors 2180 are used tocapture other biometric data (E.g., ECG, EGG, etc.) from the testsubject and store those images as sensed biometric data 2178. In anotherexample, ancillary health and environmental data is collected from other‘smart’ devices (iWatch, FitBit, ankle bracelet, vehicle interlock,etc.) and store those images as sensed biometric data 2178.

Device security module 2152 and security unit 2114 may cooperate toensure testing device 2102 has not been compromised or tampered with,and may include an indication of integrity of testing device 2102 withintest results sent to server 180/1680.

Liveness analyzer 2154 processes image sequence 2147 and/or image 2146to determine “liveness” of the test subject providing the test sample.For example, liveness analyzer 2154 processes image 2146 and imagesequence 2147 to detect variations in facial features over time. Forexample, liveness analyzer 2154 may detect changes between images ofimage sequence 2147 resulting from eye movement and blinking of the testsubject. In one embodiment, liveness analyzer 2154 counts blinks foreach stage (e.g., before the test sample is provided, while the testsample is provided, and after the test sample is provided) of thetesting process. The number of blinks detected at each stage may be usedto determine a liveness probability. In another example, livenessanalyzer 2154 may detect pulsing of blood flow beneath the skin of theface. Each detected liveness indication is stored within livenessindicators 2123.

Liveness analyzer 2154 may detect many different liveness indicationswithin image sequence 2147, including changes in image intensityresulting from changes in ambient light, consistency in shading offacial features, changes in skin color resulting from blood flow beneaththe skin, changes in cheek position during exhale into tube 2105,changes in facial expression (e.g., movement of facial muscles), regularmovements resulting from breathing, and so on.

In one embodiment, liveness analyzer 2154 compares currently detectedliveness indicators 2123 against previously detected liveness indicators(i.e., detected for previously provided test samples by the testsubject), wherein when a previously detected liveness indicator is notcurrently detected, liveness analyzer 2154 may raise an alarm indicatingthe change in behavior of the test subject.

Liveness analyzer 2154 may evaluate consistency in detected movementwithin image sequence 2147 to other sensed inputs, such as heart ratefrom biometric sensor 2180. For example, where a detected heart ratecorresponds to the frequency of detected changes in skin color resultingfrom pulsing blood flow, liveness analyzer 2154 may increase probabilityof the corresponding liveness indicator 2123.

Liveness analyzer 2154 generates a liveness probability 2192 (storedwithin validity indicator 2120), based upon detected liveness indicators2123. Validity indicator 2120 is sent to server 180/1680 together withthe test results as an indication of their validity.

Subject ID verifier 2156 automatically verifies the identity of the testsubject providing the test sample based upon sensed inputs. Subject IDverifier 2156 uses one or more images from image 2146, image sequence2147, audio data 2177, sensed biometric data 2178, and sensed biometricimage 2179 to recognize the test subject based upon identification (ID)data 2170 stored within memory 2108. In one embodiment, a microphone2149 of testing device 2102 is used to capture audio of the test subjectspeaking a requested phrase. The captured audio is stored as audio data2177 and subject ID verifier 2156 uses voice analysis to match audiodata 2177 with corresponding biometric patterns 2174.

Sensed biometric data 2178 and/or sensed biometric image 2179 may becompared to ID data 2170. For example, subject ID verifier 2156 comparessensed biometric data 2178 against biometric patterns 2174 to determineif they match, and thereby authenticate the identity of the testsubject. Where sensed biometric image 2179 contains an iris/retinalimage, sensed biometric image 2179 is compared against an iris/retinalimage defined within biometric patterns 2174. Where sensed biometricimage 2179 includes a facial image, subject ID verifier 2156 comparessensed biometric image 2179 against ID image 2172 and determines traitswithin sensed biometric image 2179 for comparison against correspondingtraits defined within traits 2176. Based upon matches between sensedbiometric data 2178 and sensed biometric image 2179 to ID data 2170,subject ID verifier 2156 generates an ID probability 2194, stored withinvalidity indicator 2120, to indicate a probability of identifying thetest subject. For example, where ID probability 2194 is eighty percent,is it likely that sensed biometric data 2178 and sensed biometric image2179 are from the test subject, whereas where ID probability 2194 isthirty percent, is it likely that sensed biometric data 2178 and sensedbiometric image 2179 are not from the test subject.

ID data 2170 stores one or more of ID image 2172 of the test subject,biometric patterns 2174 of the test subject, and traits 2176 of the testsubject. ID Data 2170 may be downloaded from server 180 upon each use ofsoftware 2116 or stored within memory 2108 upon configuration of testingdevice 2102.

In one embodiment, video selector 2158 selects image 2146 and imagesequence 2147 from an image stream continually captured by camera 2138as the test subject utilizes testing device 2102. Much of this continualimage stream is not important or informative, such as when the testsubject does not appear within the captures images. Video selector 2158uses intelligence to processes the continual image stream and determinewhich images are important and/or of value in identifying and evaluatingthe test subject and stores these images and image sequences as image2146 and image sequence 2147.

In one example of operation, video selector 2158 selects image 2146 fromthe continual image stream when software 2116 detects that the testsubject is providing a sample to testing device 2102. Video selector2158 evaluates each image and selects one or more images that capture aclear view of the test subject's face with the eyes open (i.e., when thetest subject is not blinking). Video selector 2158 also captures one ormore image sequences 2147 from the continuous image stream when the testsubject is determined to be doing something of interest. For example,video selector 2158 may detect when the test subject is havingdifficulty operating testing device 2102, since such difficulty mayindicate a level of sobriety of the test subject. Thus, by determiningand selecting images of value from the continual image stream fromcamera 2138, video selector 2158 reduces the amount of image data thatneeds to be captured and sent to server 180/1680 for determining theidentity of the test subject.

Test scheduler 2160 maintains test schedule 2161 and prompts the testsubject when it is time to take the next test. Test scheduler 2160 mayalso update test schedule 2161 automatically based upon one or both of aprevious test result and a location of that test.

In one example of operation, where results of a previous test weremarginal (i.e., not fails but not ideal), test scheduler 2160 maydetermine that the next test is to occur within two hours rather thanafter a previously scheduled four hour period. In another example, wherea previous test occurred at a location that was not the user's home orwork, test scheduler 2160 may determine that the next test is to occurwithin two hours rather than after a previously scheduled four hourperiod.

Where more than one previous test occurred at locations other than thoseexpected (i.e., the user's home or work place), test scheduler 2160 maydetermine that the next test is to occur within one hour rather thanafter the default four hour period, wherein the results of the next testare used to validate the previous test results.

In one embodiment, test scheduler 2160 determines when the test subjectis due to take the next test based upon a current location of the testsubject (e.g., as determined from location device 2148). For example,where previous tests did not occur at expected location, test scheduler2160 may determine when the test subject arrives at the expectedlocation (e.g., using location device 2148), and schedule an immediatetest.

In another example, test scheduler 2160 may automatically update testschedule 2161 to include random tests, such that the test subject is notaware when the next test will occur. For example, were the test subjecthas previously attempted to defeat identification and sample collection,test scheduler 2160 may be configured to request testing at random timesand to have a random number of tests each day, such that the testsubject cannot predict when the next test will occur and thereby thetest subject cannot be prepared to attempt fraudulent testing.

Biometric monitor 2162 processes data from biometric sensors 2180 toidentify effects of substance abuse on the test subject through moreconventional biometric monitoring. For example, biometric monitor 2162may detect a sudden increase in one or both of heart rate andrespiration rate, when increased activity is not concurrently detected(e.g., as detected using data from fitness devices and other movementsensors), to determine that the test subject is using a substance.Similarly, biometric monitor 2162 may detect a sudden decrease in heartrate and/or respiration rate, at a time when the test subject is notdetermined to be asleep, that indicates use of a substance by the testsubject. In another example, biometric monitor 2162 may detect when themeasured heart rate drops below a level measured when the test subjectis asleep to determine use of a substance by the test subject. Thus,biometric monitor 2162 may use biometric data from any available sensorto detect substance abuse at any time by the test subject.

Biometric monitor 2162 may also detect when a sensed condition (e.g.,heart rate) is missing, indicating the removal of a device (e.g., anklebracelet 802) by the test subject, wherein biometric monitor 2162 mayattempt to interact with the test subject to correct the problem and/orraise an alarm.

Biometric sensors 2180 may represent sensors of other devices worn orused by the test subject. For example, where the test subject uses afitness tracker and/or activity monitor, data from these other devicesmay be input into testing device 2102 and correlated with data fromother biometric sensors 2180 and/or test results generated by testingdevice 2102.

Testing device 2102 may also include a network interface 2140, a camera2138, a location device 2148, and environmental sensors 2181. Networkinterface 2140 represents a wireless transceiver for communicating witha cellular communication network for example. That is, testing device2102 may communicate with server 180 via network interface 2140 andthereby not require the use of a separate communication device, such asone of communication devices 130, 830, 1630, and 1930. This allowstesting device 2102 to operate independently.

Location device 2148 and environmental sensors 2181 may be used todetermine a current location (e.g., geographic location) andenvironmental conditions of testing device 2102.

Testing device 2102 may also include a biometric reader 2150 (similar toreader 152 of FIG. 1) or may communicate with one or more externalbiometric sensors 2180 (similar to external biometric sensors 1980 ofFIG. 19) and/or other sensing devices that operate to capture biometricimages and/or patterns from the test subject. For example, environmentalsensors 2181 may include a temperature sensor, an ambient light levelsensor, a noise level sensor, and so on that may be used to determineconditions when the test subject takes a test by providing a test sampleto testing device 2102. In one embodiment, biometric reader 2150 isphysically positioned with testing device 2102 to capture biometricimage 2179 of the test subject providing a test sample to testing device2102. Thus, testing device 2102 may automatically confirm identity ofthe test subject when a test sample is provided based upon biometricimage 2179.

Testing device 2102 communicates with one or more remote servers (e.g.,server 180, FIG. 1, server 1680, FIG. 16, server 2280, FIG. 22), toreport results including one or more of BAC value 2118, serial number2119, security code 2121, image 2146, image sequence 2147, validityindicator 2120, sensed biometric data 2178, sensed biometric image 2179,and so on.

Server Functionality

FIG. 22 shows a server 2280, similar to server 180 of FIG. 1, showingfunctionality in further detail. FIG. 23 is a flowchart illustrating oneexemplary method 2300 for locating and determining substance use. Method2300 is implemented within server 2280. FIGS. 22 and 23 are best viewedtogether with the following description.

Server 2280 is a computer, or network of computers, that includes atleast one processor 2202 and memory 2204 storing a database 2282 and aweb application 2284. Web application 2284 includes machine readableinstructions (i.e., software implementing method 2300) that are executedby processor 2202 to implement functionality of server 2280 as describedherein. Web application 2284 may provide a web portal 2299 through whichthird party device 2231 communicates with web application 2284 andserver 2280 via Internet 2201.

Web application 2284 includes a data transfer module 2220 (i.e., asoftware module) that transfers data between server 2280 andcommunication device 130, 830, 1630, 1930 and/or testing device 2102when they are in communication with server 2280. For example,communication device 130, 830, 1630, 1930 and/or testing device 2102 mayoperate “off-line” from server 2280 when the test subject provides asample for evaluation, wherein, once data transfer module 2220determines, in step 2302 of method 2300, that communication device 130,830, 1630, 1930 and/or testing device 2102 has established communicationwith server 2280, data transfer module 2220 receives, in step 2304 ofmethod 2300, a message that may contain test results (e.g., locationinformation, BAC value 118/818/1618/1918/2118/2218, image146/846/1646/1946/2146/2246, image sequence 147/847/1647/1947/2147/2247,and so on) from communication device 130, 830, 1630, 1930 and/or testingdevice 2102. Data transfer module 2220 stores, in step 2306 of method2300, information from the received message within database 2282. Forexample, where the message (e.g., message 160) from communication device130 includes test results, data transfer module 2220 stores theinformation as test results 2288 within database 2282.

Upon determining that communication device 130, 830, 1630, 1930 and/ortesting device 2102 is connected, data transfer module 2220 may alsorequest and/or receive, in step 2304 of method 2300, locationinformation of communication device 130, 830, 1630, 1930 and/or testingdevice 2102, and stores, in step 2306 of method 2300, this locationinformation within database 2282. For example, software 144/844/1644 mayrespond to a location request from server 2280 by utilizing locationdevice 148/848/1648/1948/2148 to determine a current location and sendthat determined location back to server 2280. This data transfer andlocation reporting may occur without interaction of the test subjectwith communication device 130, 830, 1630, 1930 and/or testing device2102.

Web application 2284 includes a compliance monitor 2224 that, in step2308 of method 2300, processes test results 2288 against compliancerequirements 2285 to determine whether the test subject is complyingwith defined requirements. For example, compliance requirements 2285define a maximum substance level and a testing frequency for the testsubject. Compliance monitor 2224 may utilize artificial intelligence(e.g., learning algorithms) to analyze compliance requirements 2285,test schedule 2286, and test results 2288 to determine how well the testsubject is managing the tests and how best to aid the test subject tocomply with future testing.

Compliance monitor 2224 may also collect, in optional step 2310 ofmethod 2300, information of the test subject from other sources (e.g.,social networking) to determine evidence of compliance. For example,compliance monitor 2224 may identify, within the information from asocial network, behavior of the test subject that supports orcontradicts compliance with requirements. Compliance monitor 2224 mayalso generate and send, in optional step 2312 of method 2300,information to the social network to support, and stimulate complianceby, the test subject. For example, compliance monitor 2224 generates andsends messages to a social network that indicate one or more of success,progress, and future goals that may improve morale of the test subject,and thereby increase likelihood of success of the test subject to meetcompliance requirements.

In one embodiment, server 2280 include a support group manager 2229 thatprovides a web interface (e.g., via web portal 2299) that allows thetest subject to communicate with peers. Support group manager 2229 mayinteract with compliance monitor 2224 and/or notification manager 2226to post messages to the test subject that provide positive reinforcementfor achieving goals related to substance abuse. For example, supportgroup manager 2229 may process test results 2288 and compliancerequirements 2285 to automatically generate positive reinforcementmessages for the test subject. Peers of the test subject may also postmessages of reinforcement to the test subject and offer advice.

In one example of operation, where compliance monitor 2224 determinesthat the test subject is compliant with compliance requirements 2285,compliance monitor 2224 may generate a reward for the test subject,whereas when compliance monitor 2224 determines that the test subjecthas not complied with compliance requirements 2285, compliance monitor2224 may define sanctions for the test subject.

Where compliance monitor 2224 determines that test results 2288 indicatea substance level that is below, but near, a defined substance levelthreshold at a certain time of day, but is well below the test levelthreshold at other times of the day, compliance monitor 2224 utilizesintelligence to add one or more “random” tests to test schedule 2286 ofthe test subject at times corresponding to times when previous testresults indicated elevated substance levels. For example, if testresults 2288 indicated elevated substance levels in tests performed lateWednesday afternoons, compliance monitor 2224 may add an early Wednesdayafternoon test to test schedule 2286. Where compliance monitor 2224determines that the test subject is fully in compliance with compliancerequirements 2285, compliance monitor 2224 may reduce the number oftests within test schedule 2286. Continuing the above example whereadditional tests were added to test schedule 2286, compliance monitor2224 may remove these tests after test results 2288 indicate improvementin compliance to compliance requirements 2285. Thus, compliance monitor2224 may autonomously adjust test schedule 2286 based upon progress ofthe test subject to meet compliance requirements 2285.

Web application 2284 may also include a notification manager 2226 thatgenerates one or more notifications 2297 that are sent to communicationdevice 2230 used by the test subject. For example, upon receipt of testresults 2288 from a scheduled test of the test subject, notificationmanager 2226 may generate and send notification 2297 to the test subjectto indicate receipt of those results. In another example, compliancemonitor 2224 may invoke notification manager 2226 to send notification2297 to communication device 2230 to indicate compliance by the testsubject to compliance requirements 2285.

Notification manager 2226 may interact with, in step 2314 of method2300, the test subject, sending notification 2297 requesting a replyindicating understanding of notification 2297, wherein notification 2297and any reply from the test subject are stored within communication data2287 and may be submitted as evidence of test subject awareness of anynon-compliance to compliance requirements 2285. Notification manager2226 may resend notification 2297 when no reply is received fromcommunication device 2230, storing an indication of the lack of replywithin communication data 2287 for example. Communication data 2287thereby contains both interaction and lack of interaction with the testsubject.

Notification manager 2226 may also send notification 2297 to a companionapp 2235 running on a smart device 2232 of a third party. For example,within server 2280, a victim of domestic abuse by the test subject maybe associated with the test subject. For example, database 2282 maystore, in association with the test subject, information identifying oneor more third parties that has been harmed by the test subject. Thevictim may (e.g., after download permissions are granted by theApplication developer, or its designee such as an agency administratoror supervisor of the test subject) to download and configure a companionapp 2235 on smart device 2232 (or enter other contact information suchas a text enabled phone number, a voice phone number, an email address,and so on), that enable notification manager 2226 to send notificationsthereto.

Smart device 2232 is for example a mobile phone or other such mobiledevice that may be configured to send location information to webapplication 2284. Web application 2284 may include a location manager2228 that receives both (a) location data from software 144 ofcommunication device 130 and (b) location data from companion app 2235of smart device 2232. For example, software 144 of communication device130 may be configured to periodically utilize a GPS receiver (e.g.,location device 148 of FIG. 1) to determine and send a current locationof the test subject to server 2280. Similarly, companion app 2235 may beconfigured to periodically utilize a location device of smart device2232 to periodically determine and send the current location to server2280.

Location manager 2228 uses the received location information from bothcommunication device 130 and smart device 2232 to determine proximity ofthe test subject to the victim. Location manager 2228 generates andsends notification 2297 indicating proximity of the test subject to thevictim when the determined proximity is less than a predefined value.For example, location manager 2228 may send one or more of notification2297, a text message, an email, and a voice call, to smart device 2232of the victim, indicating proximity of the test subject thereto.Companion app 2235 may generate an audible alert upon receivingnotification 2297 such that the victim becomes aware of the proximity ofthe test subject. Companion app 2235 may also include a dispatch callbutton that automatically calls the police dispatch when activated bythe victim.

Notification manager 2226 may also interact, in step 2316 of method2300, with the test subject, via software 144 running on communicationdevice 130, to measure reaction time, response to questions, and othersuch responses to stimuli, and/or to collect other observations of thetest subject, to determine sobriety, impairment of response, cognition,and mental faculty function, and so on, of the test subject. Forexample, notification manager 2226 may compare responses of the testsubject to previously recorded response of the test subject, and/orexpected responses, to determine whether the test subject is impaired inany way. Notification manager 2226 may also analyze video of the testsubject (e.g., when responding to the questions and stimuli) to detectindications of impairment resulting from substance abuse.

Upon detecting lack of sobriety and/or impairment of the test subject,notification manager 2226 may generate and send notification 2297 tothird party device 2231 (i.e., a supervisor of the test subject), mayaugment test results 2288 with this lack of sobriety and/or impairmentinformation to indicate potential problems regarding compliance of thetest subject to compliance requirements 2285. Compliance monitor 2224and/or notification manager 2226 may initiate an immediate request fortesting of the test subject via software 144 and testing device 102,and/or modify test schedule 2286 in step 2318 of method 2300. Compliancemonitor 2224 and/or notification manager 2226 then sends, in step 2320of method 2300, test schedule 2286, or at least part thereof, tocommunication device 130 and/or testing device 2102.

Web application 2284 includes a report generator 2222 that process testresults and other data stored within database 2282 and generates areport on test results 2288. Report generator 2222 is configurable togenerate these reports in any required format, such as a bulletin boardformat that collates information of a particular test subject.

Report generator 2222 may automatically, or on demand, generate a report2289 summarizing test results 2288 and/or communication data 2287corresponding to the test subject and send report 2289 to communicationdevice 130 and/or a third party device 2231. Third party device 2231 isfor example one of a computer terminal, a computer, a smart device, anda mobile communication device of a supervisor (e.g., parole officer) ofthe test subject. In one embodiment, where third party device 2231 is asmart phone, a supervisor application 2233 may be loaded and executed toreceive and display information of report 2289 to the user.

Tamper Resistant Mouthpiece

FIG. 24 shows one exemplary mouthpiece 2400 configured to hinder orprevent a test subject using a tube to cheat when providing a testsample to a testing device. Mouthpiece 2400 may represent one or more ofdistal portion 122 that couples with tube 105 of testing device 102,distal portion 1622 that couples with tube 1605 of testing device 1602,and distal portion 2122 that couples with tube 2105 of testing device2102.

Mouthpiece 2400 has a flange 2402 that adjoins an oval shaped lip ring2404 that has an outer surface 2405, onto which the test subject placestheir lips when blowing into the testing device. An inner surface 2407of has a substantially oval shape but includes two (or more) firstprotrusions 2406 that function to break up the smooth shape of innersurface 2407 and thereby make it difficult to utilize a tube withinmouthpiece 2400. Mouthpiece 2400 has an inner passage 2410, throughflange 2402, which allows a sample to pass from the test subject intothe testing device. Inner passage 2410 has a round cross section with asubstantially smooth inner surface 2412, except for at least two addedprotrusions 2408 that function to break up the smooth shape of innersurface 2412 and thereby make it difficult to utilize a tube withinmouthpiece 2400.

In particular, protrusions 2406 and 2408 prevent an inserted tube fromsealing against inner surfaces 2407 and 2412. By preventing the tubefrom sealing within mouthpiece 2400, a test subject cannot have someoneelse provide a test sample into the testing device without such miss-usebeing detected within images captured by the communication device.Further, the testing device includes a flow meter and/or pressure sensorthat registers the test sample being provided based upon one to both offlow rate and pressure. Without a tube sealing within mouthpiece 2400,sufficient pressure and/or flow rate cannot be achieved.

FIG. 25 shows mouthpiece 2400 of FIG. 24 preventing a tube 2504 fromcoupling to provide a sample to testing device 2502. Due to protrusions2406 and 2408 within mouthpiece 2400, to fit within inner passage 2410,tube 2504 is necessarily small and thus cannot seal within inner surface2412 due to the irregular shape formed by the protrusions on innersurface 2412.

FIGS. 26 and 27 are schematics illustrating mouthpiece 2400 of FIG. 24preventing the use of a sealing product 2506 with the tube to provide atest sample to testing device 2502. Tube 2504 wrapped in a sealingproduct 2506 (e.g., thread sealing tape) is inserted into mouthpiece2400. Although this may provide sufficient sealing for a test sample tobe provided through tube 2504, this attempt is difficult to implementand may be easily detected within images captured of the test subjectproviding the test sample.

Changes may be made in the above methods and systems without departingfrom the scope hereof. It should thus be noted that the matter containedin the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings should beinterpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. The followingclaims are intended to cover all generic and specific features describedherein, as well as all statements of the scope of the present method andsystem, which, as a matter of language, might be said to falltherebetween.

What is claimed is:
 1. A software product comprising: storedinstructions, stored on non-transitory computer-readable media, that,when executed by a digital processor of a communication device, performsteps for controlling a testing device separate and distinct from thecommunication device to determine a substance level in a test sampleprovided to the testing device by a test subject, the storedinstructions comprising instructions for: generating, from thecommunication device, a prompt for the test subject to provide the testsample to the testing device; capturing, using a camera of thecommunication device, a sequence of images that include the test subjectproviding the test sample to the testing device, the camera beingpositioned by a physical positioning mechanism of the testing device toinclude a portion of a face of the test subject providing the testsample and a display of the testing device; receiving, within thecommunication device and from the testing device, a value indicative ofthe substance level detected within the test sample; determining avalidity indicator defining validity of the value indicative of thesubstance level; determining, within the communication device, a currentlocation; and sending, from the communication device, the valueindicative of the substance level, the validity indicator, and thecurrent location to a remote server.
 2. The software product of claim 1,the stored instructions further comprising instructions for determininga liveness probability of the portion of the face in the sequence ofimages, the validity indicator being based on the liveness probability.3. The software product of claim 1, the stored instructions furthercomprising instructions for generating an ID probability indicative ofat least one image of the sequence of images matching an ID image, thevalidity indicator being based upon the ID probability.
 4. The softwareproduct of claim 3, the stored instructions further comprisinginstructions for capturing biometric data from one or more biometricsensors attached to the test subject, the biometric data being sent tothe remote server.
 5. The software product of claim 3, the storedinstructions further comprising instructions for capturing audio databefore and after the test subject provides the test sample to thetesting device, the ID probability being based upon a match of the audiodata to a biometric pattern of the test subject.
 6. The software productof claim 1, the stored instructions further comprising instructions forpreventing the communication device from simultaneously connecting tothe testing device and another testing device.
 7. The software productof claim 1, the stored instructions further comprising instructions forprompting the test subject when it is time to provide a test sample. 8.The software product of claim 1, the stored instructions furthercomprising instructions for determining a time for a next test basedupon one or both of previous test results and a location of a previoustest.
 9. The software product of claim 1, the stored instructionsfurther comprising instructions for processing biometric data capturedfrom biometric sensors attached to the test subject to identify effectsof substance abuse.
 10. The software product of claim 1, the storedinstructions further comprising instructions for processing the sequenceof images to determine a level of sobriety of the test subject basedupon detecting when the test subject is having difficulty physicallypositioning the communication device and the testing device togetherprior to providing the test sample.
 11. The software product of claim 1,the stored instructions further comprising instructions forsynchronizing operation of the testing device and the communicationdevice.
 12. A method for detecting fraudulent use of a testing devicethat measures a substance level within a test sample provided by a testsubject, comprising: capturing, using a camera physically positioned tohave a field of view of at least part of a face of the test subjectproviding the test sample, an image sequence of the test subjectproviding the test sample; determining, from detected differencesbetween images of the image sequence, a liveness probability for theportion of the face in the image sequence; and sending the livenessprobability together with the level of the substance within the testsample to a remote server.
 13. The method of claim 12, furthercomprising: detecting eye movement of the test subject within images ofthe image sequence; and counting a first number of blinks made by thetest subject while providing the test sample; the liveness probabilitybeing based upon the first number.
 14. The method of claim 13, furthercomprising: counting a second number of blinks made by the test subjectprior to providing the test sample; the liveness probability being basedupon the first number and the second number.
 15. The method of claim 13,further comprising: counting a second number of blinks made by the testsubject after providing the test sample; the liveness probability beingbased upon the first number and the second number.
 16. The method ofclaim 12, the step of determining comprising detecting color changesindicative of blood flow beneath skin of the test subject within theimage sequence, the liveness probability being based upon the detectedcolor changes.
 17. The method of claim 12, the step of determiningcomprising detecting changes in image intensity resulting from changesin ambient light, the liveness probability being based upon the detectedintensity changes.
 18. The method of claim 12, the step of determiningcomprising detecting consistency in shading of facial features, theliveness probability being based upon the detected consistency inshading.
 19. The method of claim 12, the step of determining comprisingdetecting changes in cheek position during exhale into the testingdevice, the liveness probability being based upon the detected changesin cheek position.
 20. The method of claim 12, the step of determiningcomprising detecting changes in facial muscles, the liveness probabilitybeing based upon the detected changes in facial muscles.
 21. The methodof claim 12, the step of determining comprising detecting changesindicative of regular movements resulting from breathing, the livenessprobability being based upon the detected changes resulting frombreathing.
 22. The method of claim 12, further comprising: capturingbiometric information of the test subject; comparing the biometricinformation to identification data of the test subject stored at thecommunication device to determine an ID probability that the biometricinformation is from the test subject; and sending, from thecommunication device, the ID probability with the image sequence, theliveness probability, the level of the substance, the location of thetest subject, and the unique serial number, to the remote server.
 23. Amouthpiece for coupling with a testing device of the type that measuresa substance level contained in a breath sample provided by a testsubject through the mouthpiece, the mouthpiece comprising: a flangehaving a substantially oval outer shape and forming a substantiallyround inner passage through the flange having a first inner surface; anda first plurality of first protrusions formed on the first inner surfacesuch that the first inner surface is irregularly shaped and not smooth;the plurality of first protrusions preventing a tube from sealing withthe first inner surfaces such that pressure of a sample provided throughthe tube does not reach sufficient pressure to trigger the testingdevice.
 24. The mouthpiece of claim 23, further comprising: an ovalshaped lip ring positioned on, and smaller than, the flange, the lipring having an outer surface for sealing with lips of the test subjectand a second inner surface; a plurality of second protrusions formed onthe second inner surface such that the second inner surface isirregularly shaped and not smooth; the plurality of second protrusionspreventing a tube from sealing with the second inner surfaces such thatpressure of a sample provided through the tube does not reach sufficientpressure to trigger the testing device.
 25. A testing device fordetecting a substance level within a test sample provided by a testsubject, comprising: at least one sensor for detecting the substancelevel within the test sample; a camera positioned to have a field ofview that includes the test subject providing the test sample to thetesting device; a location device for determining a current location ofthe testing device; a processor communicatively coupled with the atleast one sensor and the camera; and a memory communicatively coupledwith the processor and storing machine readable instructions that whenexecuted by the processor perform the steps of: capturing, using thecamera, a sequence of images that include the test subject providing thetest sample to the testing device; determining, based upon the at leastone sensor, a value indicative of the substance level detected withinthe test sample; determining, using the location device, a currentlocation of the testing device; determining, based upon the sequence ofimages, a validity indicator indicative of validity of one or both of anidentity of the test subject and a liveness of the test subject; andsending, to a remote server, the value indicative of the substancelevel, the current location, and the validity indicator.
 26. The testingdevice of claim 25, further comprising: a biometric sensor for sensing abiometric of the test subject; the memory storing machine readableinstructions that when executed by the processor perform the steps of:capturing biometric data of the test subject; and comparing thebiometric data to biometric patterns associated with the test subject todetermine the validity indicator.
 27. The testing device of claim 26,the memory storing machine readable instructions that when executed bythe processor perform the steps of: processing biometric data capturedfrom biometric sensors to identify the effects of substance abuse; andsending an indication of the identified effects to the remote server.28. The testing device of claim 25, further comprising: a biometricsensor for sensing a biometric of the test subject; the memory storingmachine readable instructions that when executed by the processorperform the steps of: capturing biometric data of the test subject; andcomparing the biometric data to biometric patterns associated with thetest subject to determine the validity indicator.